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Mgbasa shale n'ime ebe nchekwa clastic na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu, na-ebute enweghị ntụkwasị obi na wellbore. Maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ojiji nke mmiri mmiri na-agba mmiri na ihe mgbochi shale agbakwunyere na-aka mma karịa mmiri mmiri na-agba mmiri dabere na mmanụ. Mmiri ionic (ILs) adọtala ọtụtụ mmasị dị ka ihe mgbochi shale n'ihi ihe onwunwe ha nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe na njirimara electrostatic siri ike. Agbanyeghị, mmiri ionic nke dabeere na imidazolyl (ILs), nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mmiri mmiri, egosila na ọ bụ ihe na-egbu egbu, ọ naghị emebi emebi ma dịkwa oke ọnụ. A na-ewere mmiri eutectic miri emi (DES) dị ka ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa na ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu karịa mmiri ionic, mana ha ka na-erughị nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi achọrọ. Ọganihu ndị na-adịbeghị anya na ngalaba a emeela ka e webata ihe mgbaze eutectic eke (NADES), nke a maara maka ezigbo enyi gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Ọmụmụ ihe a nyochachara NADESs, nke nwere citric acid (dị ka ihe na-anabata hydrogen bond) na glycerol (dị ka onye na-enye hydrogen bond) dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri. E mepụtara mmiri mmiri ndị e ji NADES mee dịka API 13B-1 si dị, a tụlekwara arụmọrụ ha na mmiri mmiri ndị e ji potassium chloride mee, mmiri ionic nke e ji imidazolium mee, na mmiri mmiri ndị e ji choline chloride:urea mee. A kọwara ihe ndị e ji physicochemical mee nke NADES nke nwere onwe ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu. A tụlere ihe ndị e ji rheological mee, ihe ndị e ji mmiri gwụ, na ihe ndị e ji emechi shale nke mmiri mmiri ahụ n'oge ọmụmụ ihe a, a gosikwara na n'ọtụtụ 3% NADESs, a mụbara oke nrụgide/viscosity plastic (YP/PV), ọkpụrụkpụ achịcha apịtị belatara site na 26%, olu filtrate belatara site na 30.1%. Ihe a na-ahụkarị bụ na NADES nwetara oke mgbochi mgbasa dị egwu nke 49.14% ma mụbaa mmepụta shale site na 86.36%. A na-akọwapụta nsonaazụ ndị a site n'ike nke NADES ịgbanwe ọrụ elu, ikike zeta, na oghere dị n'etiti ụrọ, nke a tụlere n'akwụkwọ a iji ghọta usoro ndị dị n'okpuru. A na-atụ anya na mmiri a na-agbapụta ihe ga-agbanwe ụlọ ọrụ ịgbapụta ihe site n'inye ihe ọzọ na-adịghị egbu egbu, nke na-adịghị ọnụ ala, ma dịkwa irè nke ukwuu karịa ihe mgbochi shale corrosion ọdịnala, na-emeghe ụzọ maka usoro ịgbapụta ihe na-adịghị ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Shale bụ nkume dị iche iche nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi na ebe nchekwa nke hydrocarbons, usoro ya nke nwere oghere1 na-enye ohere maka mmepụta na nchekwa nke akụrụngwa bara uru ndị a. Agbanyeghị, shale bara ụba na mineral ụrọ dị ka montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite na ililite, nke na-eme ka ọ na-agbasa mgbe a na-ekpughe ya na mmiri, na-eduga na enweghị ike ịkwụsi ike na olulu mmiri n'oge ọrụ igwu mmiri2,3. Nsogbu ndị a nwere ike ibute oge na-adịghị arụ ọrụ (NPT) na ọtụtụ nsogbu ọrụ gụnyere paịpụ ndị a gbachiri agbachi, mgbasa apịtị furu efu, ọdịda olulu mmiri na mmebi bit, na-abawanye oge mgbake na ọnụ ahịa. N'ọdịnala, mmiri mmiri mmiri mmanụ (OBDF) bụ nhọrọ kachasị mma maka nhazi shale n'ihi ikike ha nwere iguzogide mgbasa shale4. Agbanyeghị, iji mmiri mmiri mmiri mmanụ na-agụnye ọnụ ahịa dị elu na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ewere mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri nke dabere na sịntetik (SBDF) dị ka ihe ọzọ, mana ọ dabara adaba na okpomọkụ dị elu adịghị mma. Mmiri mmiri e ji mmiri rụọ (WBDF) bụ ihe ngwọta mara mma n'ihi na ha dị nchebe, dịkwa mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ma dịkwa ọnụ ala karịa OBDF5. E jirila ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi shale mee ka ikike mgbochi shale nke WBDF dịkwuo mma, gụnyere ihe mgbochi ọdịnala dịka potassium chloride, lime, silicate, na polymer. Agbanyeghị, ihe mgbochi ndị a nwere oke n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa n'ihi oke K+ dị na potassium chloride inhibitors na mmetụta pH nke silicates. 6 Ndị nchọpụta enyochaala ohere nke iji mmiri ionic dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri iji melite rheology mmiri mmiri ma gbochie ọzịza shale na nhazi hydrate. Agbanyeghị, mmiri ionic ndị a, karịsịa ndị nwere imidazolyl cations, na-abụkarị ihe na-egbu egbu, dị oke ọnụ, anaghị emebi emebi, ma chọọ usoro nkwadebe dị mgbagwoju anya. Iji dozie nsogbu ndị a, ndị mmadụ malitere ịchọ ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi, nke butere mmalite nke ihe mgbaze miri emi eutectic (DES). DES bụ ngwakọta eutectic nke onye na-enye hydrogen bond (HBD) na onye na-anabata hydrogen bond (HBA) mepụtara na oke molar na okpomọkụ kpọmkwem. Ngwakọta eutectic ndị a nwere obere ebe ịgbaze karịa ihe ndị dị na ha, nke bụ isi n'ihi mwepụ chajị nke njikọ hydrogen kpatara. Ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ike lattice, mgbanwe entropy, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti anions na HBD, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata ebe ịgbaze nke DES.
N'ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga, etinyere ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye na mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta iji dozie nsogbu mgbasa nke shale. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ofei na ndị otu ya tinyere 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), nke belatara ọkpụrụkpụ achịcha apịtị (ruo 50%) nke ukwuu ma belata uru YP/PV site na 11 na okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Huang na ndị otu ya jiri mmiri ionic (kpọmkwem, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide na 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) na njikọta ya na ihe ndị dị na Na-Bt ma belata ọzịza shale site na 86.43% na 94.17%, n'otu n'otu12. Na mgbakwunye, Yang na ndị otu ya jiri 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide na 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide iji belata ọzịza shale site na 16.91% na 5.81%, n'otu n'otu. 13 Yang na ndị otu ya jikwa 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide mee ihe ma belata mgbasawanye shale site na 31.62% ebe ha na-eme ka mgbake shale dị na 40.60%. 14 Na mgbakwunye, Luo na ndị otu ya jiri 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate belata ọzịza shale site na 80%. 15, 16 Dai na ndị otu ya jiri ionic liquid copolymers gbochie shale ma nweta mmụba 18% na mgbake ahịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-egbochi amine. 17
Mmiri Ionic n'onwe ha nwere ụfọdụ ọghọm, nke mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mmiri ionic, nke a mere ka DES pụta ìhè. Hanjia bụ onye mbụ jiri ihe mgbaze eutectic miri emi (DES) nke nwere vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), na 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), nke gbochiri ọzịza nke bentonite site na 68%, 58%, na 58%, n'otu n'otu18. Na nnwale efu, MH Rasul jiri nha 2:1 nke glycerol na potassium carbonate (DES) ma belata ọzịza nke ihe nlele shale site na 87%19,20. Ma jiri urea:vinyl chloride belata nke ukwuu mmụba nke shale site na 67%.21 Rasul et al. Ejiri ngwakọta nke DES na polymer dị ka ihe mgbochi shale abụọ, nke nwetara mmetụta mgbochi shale dị mma22.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewerekarị ihe mgbaze miri emi (DES) dị ka ihe ọzọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ karịa mmiri ionic, ha nwekwara ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata nsí dịka nnu ammonium, nke na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nsogbu a emeela ka e nwee ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES). A ka na-ekewa ha dị ka DES, mana ha nwere ihe ndị sitere n'okike na nnu, gụnyere potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom salts (MgSO4.7H2O), na ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ njikọta nwere ike ime nke DES na NADES na-emepe ohere dị ukwuu maka nnyocha na mpaghara a ma a na-atụ anya na ha ga-achọta ngwa n'ọtụtụ ubi. Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta emepụtala ngwakọta DES ọhụrụ nke ọma nke gosipụtara na ọ dị irè n'ọtụtụ ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Naser et al. 2013 mepụtara DES potassium carbonate dabere na DES ma mụọ ihe onwunwe thermophysical ya, nke mechara chọta ngwa n'ebe mgbochi hydrate, ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri, delignification, na nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara NADES dabere na ascorbic acid ma nyochaa ihe ndị na-egbochi antioxidant ya na ngwa dị iche iche. 24 Christer na ndị otu ya mepụtara NADES nke dabeere na citric acid ma chọpụta ikike ya dị ka ihe na-enyere aka na ngwaahịa collagen. 25 Liu Yi na ndị ọrụ ibe ya chịkọtara ojiji nke NADES dị ka ihe mmịpụta na chromatography media na nyocha zuru oke, ebe Misan na ndị otu ya tụlere ojiji gara nke ọma nke NADES na ngalaba nri ọrụ ugbo. Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta mmiri mmiri na-egwupụta ihe malite ilebara anya na irè nke NADES na ngwa ha. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Na 2023, Rasul na ndị otu ya jiri ngwakọta dị iche iche nke ihe mgbaze eutectic eke sitere n'okike dabere na ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 na Epsom salt29 wee nweta nnukwu mgbochi shale na mgbake shale. Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ otu n'ime ọmụmụ mbụ iji webata NADES (karịsịa citric acid na glycerol-based formulation) dị ka ihe mgbochi shale nke na-adịghị emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri mmiri na-egwupụta ihe, nke nwere nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, ikike mgbochi shale ka mma na arụmọrụ mmiri ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-egbochi ọdịnala dị ka KCl, mmiri ionic nke dabere na imidazolyl na DES ọdịnala.
Ọmụmụ ihe a ga-agụnye nkwadebe dị n'ime ụlọ nke NADES nke dabeere na citric acid (CA) yana nkọwapụta physicochemical zuru ezu na ojiji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri iji nyochaa njirimara mmiri mmiri na ikike igbochi ọzịza ya. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, CA ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-anabata njikọ hydrogen ebe glycerol (Gly) ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye njikọ hydrogen ahọpụtara dabere na njirisi nyocha MH maka nhazi/nhọrọ NADES na ọmụmụ mgbochi shale30. Nha Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) na zeta potential (ZP) ga-akọwa mmekọrịta NADES-clay na usoro dị n'okpuru mgbochi ọzịza ụrọ. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ihe a ga-atụnyere mmiri mmiri olulu CA NADES na DES32 dabere na 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl na choline chloride:urea (1:2) iji nyochaa irè ha na mgbochi shale na imeziwanye arụmọrụ mmiri olulu.
A zụtara sitric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), na urea site na EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A zụtara choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, na potassium chloride site na Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. E gosiri usoro kemịkalụ nke kemịkalụ niile na Foto 1. Ihe osise akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-atụnyere kemịkalụ ndị bụ isi ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a: mmiri imidazolyl ionic, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, na NADES (citric acid na glycerol). Tebụl eco-friendly nke kemịkalụ ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a dị na Tebụl 1. Na tebụl ahụ, a na-enye akara kemịkalụ ọ bụla dabere na nsí, mbibi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọnụ ahịa, na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nhazi kemịkalụ nke ihe eji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, na (d) glycerol.
A họọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye njikọ hydrogen (HBD) na ndị na-anabata njikọ hydrogen (HBA) maka mmepe nke CA (n'ime mmiri miri emi nke eutectic solvent) dabere na NADES nke ọma dịka usoro nhọrọ MH 30 si dị, nke e zubere maka mmepe nke NADES dị ka ihe mgbochi shale dị irè. Dịka usoro a si dị, a na-ewere akụkụ nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-enye onyinye njikọ hydrogen na ndị na-anabata yana otu ọrụ polar dị ka ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka mmepe nke NADES.
Tinyere nke a, a họọrọ mmiri ionic [EMIM]Cl na choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) maka ntụnyere n'ọmụmụ ihe a n'ihi na a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri 33,34,35,36. Na mgbakwunye, a tụnyere potassium chloride (KCl) n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi ya.
E tinyere citric acid na glycerol n'ọtụtụ nha molar iji nweta ngwakọta eutectic. Nnyocha anya gosiri na ngwakọta eutectic bụ mmiri dị otu, nke na-enweghị turbidity, nke na-egosi na agwakọtara onye na-enye hydrogen bond (HBD) na onye na-anabata hydrogen bond (HBA) nke ọma na nhazi eutectic a. Emere nnwale mbụ iji hụ omume nke usoro ngwakọta nke HBD na HBA dabere na okpomọkụ. Dịka akwụkwọ dị, a tụlere oke nke ngwakọta eutectic na okpomọkụ atọ akọwapụtara karịa 50 °C, 70 °C na 100 °C, na-egosi na okpomọkụ eutectic na-adịkarị n'etiti 50-80 °C. E jiri nhazi dijitalụ Mettler tụọ ihe ndị mejupụtara HBD na HBA nke ọma, e jikwa efere ọkụ Thermo Fisher kpoo ma kpalie HBD na HBA na 100 rpm n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwa.
A tụrụ ihe ndị dị na thermophysical nke ihe mgbaze miri emi eutectic anyị (DES) nke a na-emepụta, gụnyere njupụta, nrụgide elu, ihe ntụgharị uche, na viscosity, nke ọma n'elu oke okpomọkụ site na 289.15 ruo 333.15 K. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na a họọrọ oke okpomọkụ a n'ihi oke mmachi nke akụrụngwa dị adị. Nyocha zuru oke gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe miri emi nke ihe dị iche iche na-eme na thermophysical nke usoro NADES a, na-ekpughe omume ha n'ọtụtụ okpomọkụ. Ilekwasị anya na oke okpomọkụ a kpọmkwem na-enye nghọta n'ihe ndị dị na NADES nke dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ojiji.
A tụrụ nrụgide elu nke NADES dịka akwadoro site na 289.15 ruo 333.15 K site na iji mita nrụgide interfacial (IFT700). A na-emepụta ntapụ mmiri NADES n'ime ụlọ jupụtara na nnukwu olu mmiri mmiri site na iji agịga capillary n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nrụgide kpọmkwem. Sistemụ onyonyo ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewebata paramita geometric kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbakọọ nrụgide interfacial site na iji nha Laplace.
E jiri ATAGO refractometer chọpụta ihe na-eme ka ọkụ ghara ịpụta ìhè nke NADES e mere ọhụrụ n'elu oke okpomọkụ nke 289.15 ruo 333.15 K. Ngwaọrụ ahụ na-eji modulu okpomọkụ achịkwa okpomọkụ iji chọpụta ogo nke ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dị nro, na-ewepụ mkpa ọ dị ịsa mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe. A ga-ehicha elu prism nke refractometer ahụ ma kesaa ihe nlele ahụ nke ọma n'elu ya. Hazie ya na ihe ngwọta ọkọlọtọ a maara, wee gụọ ihe ngosi refractive site na ihuenyo ahụ.
A tụrụ viscosity nke NADES dịka a kwadebere n'ogo okpomọkụ nke 289.15 ruo 333.15 K site na iji Brookfield rotational viscometer (ụdị cryogenic) na ọnụego shear nke 30 rpm na nha spindle nke 6. Viscometer ahụ na-atụ viscosity site na ịchọpụta torque achọrọ iji tụgharịa spindle na ọsọ na-aga n'ihu na ihe nlele mmiri mmiri. Mgbe etinyechara ihe nlele ahụ na ihuenyo n'okpuru spindle ma sie ike, viscometer na-egosipụta viscosity na centipoise (cP), na-enye ozi bara uru gbasara ihe onwunwe rheological nke mmiri mmiri ahụ.
E jiri mita njupụta a na-ebugharị ebugharị DMA 35 Basic chọpụta njupụta nke ihe mgbaze eutectic eke eutectic ọhụrụ a kwadebere ọhụrụ (NDEES) n'ogo okpomọkụ nke 289.15–333.15 K. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaọrụ ahụ enweghị ihe na-ekpo ọkụ arụnyere n'ime ya, a ga-ekpo ya ọkụ ruo okpomọkụ akọwapụtara (± 2 °C) tupu ejiri mita njupụta NADES. See ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2 ml nke ihe nlele site na tube ahụ, a ga-egosikwa njupụta ahụ ozugbo na ihuenyo ahụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na n'ihi enweghị ihe na-ekpo ọkụ arụnyere n'ime ya, nsonaazụ nha ahụ nwere njehie nke ± 2 °C.
Iji chọpụta pH nke NADES e kwadebere ọhụrụ n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke 289.15–333.15 K, anyị jiri mita pH benchtop Kenis. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ngwaọrụ kpo oku arụnyere n'ime ya, e buru ụzọ kpoo NADES ọkụ ruo okpomọkụ achọrọ (±2 °C) site na iji efere ọkụ wee tụọ ya ozugbo na mita pH. Mikpuo nyocha mita pH ahụ kpamkpam na NADES ma dekọọ uru ikpeazụ mgbe ọgụgụ ahụ kwụsiri ike.
E jiri nyocha Thermogravimetric (TGA) nyochaa nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke ihe mgbaze eutectic miri emi nke eke (NADES). E nyochachara ihe nlele n'oge a na-ekpo ọkụ. Site na iji nhazi dị elu ma na-enyocha usoro ikpo ọkụ nke ọma, e mepụtara atụmatụ nke mfu oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere okpomọkụ. E kpochara NADES ọkụ site na 0 ruo 500 °C na ọnụego nke 1 °C kwa nkeji.
Iji malite usoro a, a ga-agwakọta ihe nlele NADES nke ọma, mee ka ọ dị ka otu, ma wepụ mmiri dị n'elu ya. A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ a kwadebere na TGA cuvette, nke a na-ejikarị ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ dịka aluminom. Iji hụ na nsonaazụ ziri ezi, a na-eji ihe ntụaka eme ihe nhazi ngwaọrụ TGA, nke na-abụkarị ụkpụrụ ibu. Ozugbo e mechara nhazi ya, nnwale TGA na-amalite ma kpoo ihe nlele ahụ ọkụ n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa, na-abụkarị na ọnụego mgbe niile. Nleba anya na-aga n'ihu nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ibu ihe nlele na okpomọkụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwale ahụ. Ngwa TGA na-anakọta data na okpomọkụ, ibu, na paramita ndị ọzọ dị ka mmiri gas ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ ihe nlele. Ozugbo nnwale TGA gwụchara, a na-enyocha data anakọtara iji chọpụta mgbanwe na ibu ihe nlele dịka ọrụ nke okpomọkụ. Ozi a bara uru n'ịchọpụta oke okpomọkụ metụtara mgbanwe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ na ihe nlele ahụ, gụnyere usoro dị ka ịgbaze, evaporation, oxidation, ma ọ bụ mmebi.
E ji nlezianya mepụta mmiri mmiri a na-egwupụta site na mmiri dịka ọkọlọtọ API 13B-1 si dị, a depụtakwara ihe mejupụtara ya na Tebụl 2 maka ntụaka. E si Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia zụta Citric acid na glycerol (99 USP) iji kwadebe ihe mgbaze eutectic eke dị omimi (NADES). Na mgbakwunye, a zụtakwara potassium chloride (KCl) nke na-egbochi shale inhibitor (KCl) site na Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. A họọrọ 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) nke nwere ịdị ọcha karịa 98% n'ihi mmetụta dị ukwuu ọ nwere n'imeziwanye rheology nke mmiri mmiri na mgbochi shale, nke akwadoro na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga. A ga-eji ma KCl na ([EMIM]Cl) mee ihe na nyocha ntụnyere iji nyochaa arụmọrụ mgbochi shale nke NADES.
Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na-ahọrọ iji bentonite flakes iji mụọ etu shale si agbasa n'ihi na bentonite nwere otu "montmorillonite" ahụ nke na-akpata ọzịza shale. Inweta ezigbo ihe nlele shale isi na-esiri ike n'ihi na usoro coring na-eme ka shale ghara ịdị mma, na-ebute ihe nlele ndị na-abụghị shale kpamkpam mana ha na-enwekarị ngwakọta nke ájá na akwa limestone. Na mgbakwunye, ihe nlele shale na-enwekarị otu montmorillonite nke na-akpata ọzịza shale ma ya mere ha adịghị mma maka nnwale mgbochi ọzịza.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị jiri ihe ndị e ji bentonite mee ka ha dị n'otu akụkụ nke dayameta ya dị ihe dị ka sentimita 2.54. E ji ihe ndị e ji amịpụta ntụ sodium bentonite mee ihe site n'ịpị gram 11.5 nke ntụ sodium bentonite n'ime igwe e ji amịpụta mmiri na 1600 psi. A tụrụ ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe ndị ahụ nke ọma tupu e tinye ha na linear dilatometer (LD). E mesịa mikpuo ihe ndị ahụ n'ime ihe nlele mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, gụnyere ihe nlele ntọala na ihe nlele ndị e tinyere ihe mgbochi iji gbochie ọzịza nke shale. E jiri LD nyochaa mgbanwe dị na ọkpụrụkpụ ihe ndị ahụ nke ọma, e dekọkwara nha ha na nkeji iri isii ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ.
Mgbasa ozi X-ray gosiri na ihe mejupụtara bentonite, ọkachasị ihe mejupụtara montmorillonite ya nke dị 47%, bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ịghọta njirimara ala ya. N'ime ihe mejupụtara montmorillonite nke bentonite, montmorillonite bụ isi ihe mejupụtara ya, na-aza 88.6% nke ihe mejupụtara ya niile. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, quartz na-aza 29%, ilite na-aza 7%, na carbonate na-aza 9%. Obere akụkụ (ihe dị ka 3.2%) bụ ngwakọta nke ilite na montmorillonite. Na mgbakwunye, o nwere ihe ndị dị ka Fe2O3 (4.7%), silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), na phosphate (2.3%). Na mgbakwunye, obere ọnụọgụ nke Na2O (1.83%) na iron silicate (2.17%) dị, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ịghọta nke ọma ihe mejupụtara bentonite na nha ha.
Ngalaba ọmụmụ ihe a zuru oke na-akọwapụta ihe ndị dị na rheological na filtration nke ihe nlele mmiri mmiri a na-egwupụta site na iji ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES) ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri a na-egwupụta na njupụta dị iche iche (1%, 3% na 5%). E jiri ihe nlele slurry nke NADES tụnyere ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele slurry nke nwere potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) na ionic liquids. E kpuchiri ọtụtụ paramita dị mkpa na ọmụmụ ihe a gụnyere ịgụ viscosity enwetara site na iji FANN viscometer tupu na mgbe ekpughere ya na ọnọdụ ịka nká na 100°C na 150°C. E mere nha na ọsọ ntụgharị dị iche iche (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm na 600 rpm) nke na-enye ohere maka nyocha zuru oke nke omume mmiri mmiri a na-egwupụta. Enwere ike iji data enwetara chọpụta ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka ebe a na-enye ihe (YP) na viscosity plastik (PV), nke na-enye nghọta na arụmọrụ mmiri n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Nnwale nzacha nke okpomọkụ dị elu (HPHT) na 400 psi na 150°C (okpomọkụ nkịtị na olulu mmiri dị elu) na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nzacha (ọkpụrụkpụ achịcha na olu nzacha).
Nkebi a na-eji ngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), iji nyochaa nke ọma ihe ndị na-egbochi ọzịza nke mmiri mmiri anyị na-egwupụta. LSM bụ igwe ọgbara ọhụrụ nke nwere ihe abụọ: ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro na dilatometer linear (ụdị: M4600). E ji Grace Core/Plate Compactor kwadebe efere Bentonite maka nyocha. LSM na-enye data ọzịza ozugbo na efere ndị a, na-enye ohere maka nyocha zuru oke nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọzịza nke shale. E mere ule mgbasa shale n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu, ya bụ, 25°C na 1 psia.
Nnwale nkwụsi ike nke shale gụnyere nnwale dị mkpa a na-akpọkarị ule mgbake shale, ule ndọpụ shale ma ọ bụ ule mgbasa shale. Iji malite nyocha a, a na-ekewapụ mkpụrụ shale na ihuenyo #6 BSS wee tinye ya na ihuenyo #10. A na-etinye mkpụrụ ndị ahụ na tankị ebe a na-ejikọta ha na mmiri mmiri ntọala na apịtị olulu mmiri nwere NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ itinye ngwakọta ahụ n'ime oven maka usoro ntụgharị ọkụ siri ike, na-ahụ na a gwakọtara mkpụrụ na apịtị nke ọma. Mgbe awa 16 gachara, a na-ewepụ mkpụrụ ndị ahụ na pulp site n'ikwe ka shale gbazee, nke na-ebute mbelata na ibu nke ịkpụ. Emere ule mgbake shale mgbe ejidere mkpụrụ shale ahụ na apịtị na-egwu ala na 150°C na 1000 psi. inch n'ime awa 24.
Iji tụọ mgbake nke apịtị shale, anyị jiri ihe mkpuchi dị mma (mesh 40) sachaa ya nke ọma, wee jiri mmiri saa ya nke ọma, wee mechaa kpọọ ya nkụ n'ime oven. Usoro a siri ike na-enye anyị ohere ịtụle apịtị eweghachiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ibu mbụ, na-agbakọ pasent nke apịtị shale eweghachiri nke ọma. Isi iyi nke ihe nlele shale sitere na Niah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Tupu nnwale mgbasa na mgbake, e mere nyocha nke ihe nlele shale zuru oke na X-ray diffraction (XRD) iji tụọ ihe mejupụtara ụrọ ha ma kwado na ha dabara adaba maka nnwale. Ihe mejupụtara mineral ụrọ nke ihe nlele ahụ bụ ndị a: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, na mica 19%.
Nrụgide elu bụ isi ihe na-achịkwa ntinye nke cations mmiri n'ime obere pores shale site na ọrụ capillary, nke a ga-amụ nke ọma na ngalaba a. Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha ọrụ nke nrụgide elu na ihe onwunwe jikọtara ọnụ nke mmiri mmiri na-egwupụta, na-egosipụta mmetụta dị mkpa ọ na-enwe na usoro ịgbapụta mmiri, karịsịa mgbochi shale. Anyị jiri interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) tụọ nrụgide elu nke ihe nlele mmiri na-egwupụta mmiri nke ọma, na-ekpughe akụkụ dị mkpa nke omume mmiri na ọnọdụ nke mgbochi shale.
Nkebi a na-akọwa nke ọma oghere d-layer, nke bụ anya dị n'etiti oyi akwa aluminosilicate na otu oyi akwa aluminosilicate na ụrọ. Nyocha ahụ kpuchiri ihe nlele apịtị mmiri mmiri nwere 1%, 3% na 5% CA NADES, yana 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl na 3% CC:urea dabere na DES maka ntụnyere. Otu ihe nlele X-ray diffractometer nke benchtop (D2 Phaser) nke na-arụ ọrụ na 40 mA na 45 kV yana radieshon Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54059 Å) rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'idekọ elu X-ray diffraction nke ihe nlele Na-Bt mmiri mmiri na nke kpọrọ nkụ. Itinye usoro Bragg na-eme ka o kwe omume ikpebi nke ọma oghere d-layer, si otú a na-enye ozi bara uru gbasara omume ụrọ.
Nkebi a na-eji ngwa Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP dị elu iji tụọ ikike zeta nke ọma. Nyocha a nyere ozi bara uru gbasara njirimara chajị nke ihe nlele apịtị dị nro nke nwere 1%, 3%, na 5% CA NADES, yana 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, na 3% CC:urea-based DES maka nyocha ntụnyere. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-enye aka na nghọta anyị banyere nkwụsi ike nke ihe mejupụtara colloidal na mmekọrịta ha na mmiri mmiri.
E lere ihe nlele ụrọ ahụ anya tupu na mgbe e kpughepụrụ ya na ihe mgbaze eutectic eke (NADES) site na iji igwe nyocha elektrọn Zeiss Supra 55 VP (FESEM) nke nwere X-ray ike na-agbasa (EDX). Mkpebi onyonyo ahụ bụ 500 nm na ike ọkụ elektrọn bụ 30 kV na 50 kV. FESEM na-enye ngosipụta dị elu nke ọdịdị elu na atụmatụ nhazi nke ihe nlele ụrọ. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe a bụ inweta ozi gbasara mmetụta nke NADES na ihe nlele ụrọ site na ịtụnyere onyonyo ndị e nwetara tupu na mgbe e kpughepụrụ ha.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, e jiri teknụzụ nyocha ikuku ọkụ eletrik (FESEM) mee nnyocha iji chọpụta mmetụta nke NADES nwere na ihe atụ ụrọ n'ọkwa obere ihe. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe a bụ ịkọwa ojiji nke NADES na mmetụta ya na ọdịdị ụrọ na nha nkezi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke ga-enye ozi bara uru maka nnyocha n'ọhịa a.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, e jiri ogwe njehie kọwaa mgbanwe na ejighị n'aka nke mmejọ pasentị nkezi (AMPE) n'ọnọdụ nnwale. Kama ịkọ ụkpụrụ AMPE nke ọ bụla (ebe ọ bụ na ịkọ ụkpụrụ AMPE nwere ike izochi usoro ma mee ka obere mgbanwe dị iche iche karịa), anyị na-agbakọ ogwe njehie site na iji iwu 5%. Ụzọ a na-eme ka ogwe njehie ọ bụla na-anọchite anya oge a tụrụ anya na oge ntụkwasị obi 95% na 100% nke ụkpụrụ AMPE ga-ada, si otú a na-enye nchịkọta doro anya na nkenke nke nkesa data maka ọnọdụ nnwale ọ bụla. Iji ogwe njehie dabere na iwu 5% si otú a na-eme ka nkọwa na ntụkwasị obi nke ihe nnọchiteanya eserese dịkwuo mma ma na-enyere aka inye nghọta zuru ezu nke nsonaazụ na ihe ha pụtara.
N'ime mmepụta nke ihe mgbaze eutectic miri emi (NADES), e ji nlezianya mụọ ọtụtụ paramita dị mkpa n'oge nkwadebe n'ime ụlọ. Ihe ndị a dị mkpa gụnyere okpomọkụ, oke molar, na ọsọ ngwakọta. Nnwale anyị na-egosi na mgbe agwakọtara HBA (citric acid) na HBD (glycerol) na oke molar nke 1:4 na 50°C, a na-emepụta ngwakọta eutectic. Ihe pụrụ iche nke ngwakọta eutectic bụ ọdịdị ya doro anya, nke yiri ibe ya, na enweghị sedimenti. Ya mere, nzọụkwụ dị mkpa a na-egosi mkpa nke oke molar, okpomọkụ, na ọsọ ngwakọta, nke oke molar bụ ihe kacha emetụta nkwadebe nke DES na NADES, dịka egosiri na Foto 2.
Ndekọ ntụgharị uche (n) na-egosipụta oke ọsọ nke ìhè na oghere na ọsọ nke ìhè na ọkara nke abụọ, nke dị nkọ. Ndekọ ntụgharị uche na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES) mgbe a na-atụle ngwa ndị nwere mmetụta anya dị ka biosensors. Ndekọ ntụgharị uche nke NADES a mụrụ na 25 °C bụ 1.452, nke dị mma karịa nke glycerol.
Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ihe ngosi nke NADES na-ebelata ka okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu, a pụkwara ịkọwa usoro a nke ọma site na usoro (1) na Foto 3, ebe njehie pasentị nkezi (AMPE) ruru 0%. A na-akọwa omume dabere na okpomọkụ a site na mbelata na viscosity na njupụta na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-eme ka ìhè na-agafe na etiti ahụ na ọsọ dị elu, na-ebute uru refractive index (n). Nsonaazụ ndị a na-enye nghọta bara uru banyere ojiji atụmatụ nke NADES na sensọ anya, na-egosipụta ike ha nwere maka ngwa biosensor.
Nrụgide elu, nke na-egosipụta ọchịchọ nke elu mmiri mmiri iji belata mpaghara ya, dị oke mkpa n'ịtụle ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ike iji ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES) mee ihe maka ngwa dabere na nrụgide capillary. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nrụgide elu n'ogo okpomọkụ nke 25–60 °C na-enye ozi bara uru. Na 25 °C, nrụgide elu nke NADES nke dabere na citric acid bụ 55.42 mN/m, nke dị ala karịa nke mmiri na glycerol. Foto nke 4 na-egosi na nrụgide elu na-ebelata nke ukwuu ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe a site na mmụba nke ike kinetic molecular na mbelata na ike ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ na intermolecular na-esote.
Enwere ike igosipụta usoro mbelata ahịrị nke nrụgide elu a hụrụ na NADES a mụrụ nke ọma site na nha nhata (2), nke na-egosi mmekọrịta mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ isi na oke okpomọkụ nke 25–60 °C. Grafụ dị na Foto 4 na-egosi nke ọma usoro nke nrụgide elu na okpomọkụ yana njehie pasentị nkezi zuru oke (AMPE) nke 1.4%, nke na-akọwa izi ezi nke ụkpụrụ nrụgide elu akọọrọ. Nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ihe dị mkpa maka ịghọta omume nke NADES na ojiji ya nwere ike.
Ịghọta usoro njupụta nke ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES) dị oke mkpa iji mee ka ojiji ha dị mfe n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ sayensị. Njupụta nke NADES nke dabeere na citric acid na 25°C bụ 1.361 g/cm3, nke dị elu karịa njupụta nke nne na nna glycerol. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọdịiche a site na itinye ihe nnabata hydrogen (citric acid) na glycerol.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'iji NADES nke citrate mee ihe, njupụta ya na-agbada ruo 1.19 g/cm3 na 60°C. Mmụba nke ike kinetic mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ NADES gbasaa, na-eme ka ha buru ibu, na-ebute mbelata na njupụta. Mbelata a hụrụ na njupụta na-egosi njikọ kwụ ọtọ na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, nke enwere ike igosipụta nke ọma site na usoro (3). Foto nke 5 na-egosi njirimara ndị a nke mgbanwe njupụta NADES na njehie pasentị zuru oke (AMPE) nke 1.12%, nke na-enye nha nha nke izi ezi nke ụkpụrụ njupụta akọwara.
Viscosity bụ ike na-adọrọ adọrọ n'etiti akwa dị iche iche nke mmiri mmiri na-agagharị ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịghọta ojiji nke ihe mgbaze eutectic eke (NADES) n'ọtụtụ ngwa. Na 25 °C, viscosity nke NADES bụ 951 cP, nke dị elu karịa nke glycerol.
Mbelata a hụrụ na viscosity na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-akọwakarị site na ike ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ nke intermolecular. Ihe a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ daa, nke a na-egosi nke ọma na Foto nke 6 ma tụọ ya site na Nha nhata (4). Nke a pụtara ìhè bụ na na 60°C, viscosity na-agbada ruo 898 cP yana njehie pasentị nkezi (AMPE) nke 1.4%. Nghọta zuru ezu nke viscosity na ịdabere na okpomọkụ na NADES dị oke mkpa maka ojiji ya bara uru.
pH nke ihe ngwọta ahụ, nke a na-eji logarithm na-adịghị mma nke mkpokọta ion hydrogen achọpụta, dị oke mkpa, karịsịa na ngwa ndị nwere mmetụta pH dịka njikọta DNA, yabụ a ga-amụrịrị pH nke NADES nke ọma tupu ejiri ya. Site na iji NADES nke dabeere na citric acid dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịhụ pH acid nke 1.91 nke ọma, nke dị nnọọ iche na pH glycerol na-anọpụ iche.
Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị bụ na pH nke ihe mgbaze citric acid dehydrogenase nke sitere n'okike (NADES) gosiri na ọ naghị ebelata nke ọma, okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Ihe a na-akpata mmụba nke mkpọtụ molekul nke na-emebi nguzozi H+ na ngwọta ahụ, na-eduga n'ịmepụta ion [H]+, na, n'aka nke ya, mgbanwe na uru pH. Ọ bụ ezie na pH eke nke citric acid sitere na 3 ruo 5, ọnụnọ nke hydrogen acid dị na glycerol na-ebelata pH ruo 1.91.
Enwere ike iji usoro (5) gosipụta omume pH nke NADES nke dabeere na citrate n'ogo okpomọkụ nke 25–60 °C nke ọma, nke na-enye ngosipụta mgbakọ na mwepụ maka usoro pH a hụrụ. Foto nke 7 na-egosi mmekọrịta a na-adọrọ mmasị n'ụzọ eserese, na-egosipụta mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na pH nke NADES, nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ 1.4% maka AMPE.
E mere nyocha Thermogravimetric (TGA) nke citric acid miri emi eutectic solvent (NADES) n'usoro n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ site na okpomọkụ ụlọ ruo 500 °C. Dịka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Foto 8a na b, mfu mbụ nke oke ruru 100 °C bụ isi n'ihi mmiri a na-amịkọrọ na mmiri mmiri jikọtara ya na citric acid na glycerol dị ọcha. A hụrụ nnukwu njide oke ruru ihe dị ka 88% ruo 180 °C, nke bụ isi n'ihi mmebi nke citric acid na aconitic acid na mmepụta nke methylmaleic anhydride (III) mgbe a gbasịrị ọkụ ọzọ (Foto 8 b). N'elu 180 °C, enwere ike ịhụ ọdịdị doro anya nke acrolein (acrylaldehyde) na glycerol, dịka egosiri na Foto 8b37.
Nnyocha Thermogravimetric (TGA) nke glycerol gosiri usoro mfu oke ibu nke ọkwa abụọ. Nkebi mbụ (180 ruo 220 °C) gụnyere ịmepụta acrolein, wee soro nnukwu mfu oke ibu na oke okpomọkụ site na 230 ruo 300 °C (Foto 8a). Ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, a na-emepụta acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, na hydrogen n'usoro. Ihe pụrụ iche bụ na naanị 28% nke oke ibu ahụ ka echekwara na 300 °C, na-egosi na ihe onwunwe dị n'ime NADES 8(a)38,39 nwere ike ịbụ ntụpọ.
Iji nweta ozi gbasara nhazi nke njikọ kemịkalụ ọhụrụ, e jiri Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) nyochaa nkwụsịtụ ọhụrụ nke ihe mgbaze miri emi nke eke (NADES) (NADES). E mere nyocha ahụ site n'ịtụnyere ụdịrị nke nkwusioru NADES na ụdịrị nke citric acid dị ọcha (CA) na glycerol (Gly). Ụdịrị CA gosiri oke doro anya na 1752 1/cm na 1673 1/cm, nke na-anọchite anya mkpọtụ ịgbatị nke njikọ C=O ma bụrụkwa ihe e ji mara CA. Na mgbakwunye, a hụrụ mgbanwe dị ukwuu na mkpọtụ OH na-agbagọ na 1360 1/cm na mpaghara mkpịsị aka, dịka egosiri na Foto 9.
N'otu aka ahụ, n'ihe gbasara glycerol, a hụrụ mgbanwe nke OH na-agbatị na nke na-agbagọ agbagọ na ọnụọgụ ebili mmiri nke 3291 1/cm na 1414 1/cm, n'otu n'otu. Ugbu a, site na inyocha ụdịdị nke NADES dị ka akwadoro, achọpụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ụdịrị ahụ. Dịka egosiri na Foto 7, mkpọtụ ịgbatị nke njikọ C=O gbanwere site na 1752 1/cm gaa na 1720 1/cm na mkpọtụ mgbagọ nke njikọ -OH nke glycerol gbanwere site na 1414 1/cm gaa na 1359 1/cm. Mgbanwe ndị a na ọnụọgụ ebili mmiri na-egosi mgbanwe na electronegativity, nke na-egosi nhazi nke njikọ kemịkalụ ọhụrụ na nhazi nke NADES.