Isiokwu a bụ akụkụ nke isiokwu nyocha ahụ bụ "Ojiji nje bacteria, iguzogide nje bacteria na nje bacteria nke anụmanụ nri". Lee edemede iri na atọ niile.
A ka na-achọ asịd organic dịka ihe mgbakwunye na nri anụmanụ. Ruo taa, a na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa nri, ọkachasị ibelata ọnụọgụ nke nje ndị na-efe efe na anụ ọkụkọ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. A na-amụ ọtụtụ asịd organic ugbu a ma ọ bụ na-eji ha eme ihe n'ahịa. N'ime ọtụtụ asịd organic a mụbara nke ukwuu, formic acid bụ otu n'ime ha. A na-agbakwunye formic acid na nri anụ ọkụkọ iji belata ọnụnọ nke Salmonella na nje ndị ọzọ na-efe efe na nri na eriri afọ mgbe e risịrị ya. Ka nghọta nke irè na mmetụta nke formic acid na nje ndị na-efe efe na nri na-eto, ọ na-edo anya na ọnụnọ nke formic acid nwere ike ịkpalite ụzọ ụfọdụ na Salmonella. Nzaghachi a nwere ike ịghọ ihe mgbagwoju anya karịa mgbe formic acid batara na eriri afọ ma na-akpakọrịta ọ bụghị naanị na Salmonella nke na-abanye na eriri afọ kamakwa na microbial flora nke afọ. Nyocha a ga-enyocha nsonaazụ ugbu a na atụmanya maka nyocha ọzọ na microbiome nke anụ ọkụkọ na nri ejiri formic acid gwọọ.
N'ihe gbasara anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ, ihe ịma aka bụ ịmepụta atụmatụ njikwa nke na-eme ka uto na mmepụta dịkwuo mma ma na-ebelata ihe egwu nchekwa nri. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, inye ọgwụ nje na oke ọgwụ nje emeela ka ahụike anụmanụ, ọdịmma, na mmepụta dịkwuo mma (1-3). Site na usoro nke omume, a tụrụ aro na ọgwụ nje ndị a na-enye na oke ọgwụ nje na-akwalite nzaghachi ndị ọbịa site na ịgbanwe osisi afọ (GI) na, n'aka nke ya, mmekọrịta ha na onye ọbịa (3). Agbanyeghị, nchegbu na-aga n'ihu gbasara mgbasa nke nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje na njikọ ha nwere ike na ọrịa ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje na ụmụ mmadụ emeela ka a kwụsị iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'anụmanụ nri (4-8). Ya mere, mmepe nke ihe mgbakwunye nri na ihe ndozi nke na-emezu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a chọrọ (ahụike anụmanụ ka mma, ọdịmma, na mmepụta) bụ ihe dị oke mkpa site na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na echiche mmepe azụmaahịa (5, 9). Ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye nri azụmaahịa abatala n'ahịa nri anụmanụ, gụnyere probiotics, prebiotics, mmanụ dị mkpa na ihe ndị metụtara ya site na ọtụtụ isi mmalite osisi, na kemịkalụ dị ka aldehydes (10-14). Ihe mgbakwunye nri azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme anụ ọkụkọ gụnyere bacteriophages, zinc oxide, enzymes exogenous, ngwaahịa mwepu asọmpi, na ihe ndị na-akpata acidic (15, 16).
N'ime ihe mgbakwunye nri kemịkalụ dị adị, aldehydes na organic acids abụrụla ihe ndị a na-amụkarị ma jiri mee ihe n'oge gara aga (12, 17–21). Organic acids, karịsịa short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bụ ndị a ma ama na-emegide nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa. A na-eji organic acids ndị a dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri ọ bụghị naanị iji belata ọnụnọ nke nje na matrix nri kamakwa iji nwee mmetụta na ọrụ eriri afọ (17, 20–24). Na mgbakwunye, a na-emepụta SCFAs site na ịgbaze site na flora eriri afọ na tract digestive ma a na-eche na ha na-arụ ọrụ mechanistic na ikike nke ụfọdụ probiotics na prebiotics iji lụso nje ndị riri na tract digestive ọgụ (21, 23, 25).
Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọtụtụ asịd abụba dị mkpụmkpụ (SCFAs) adọtala ọtụtụ mmasị dịka ihe mgbakwunye nri. Karịsịa, propionate, butyrate, na formate abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na ngwa azụmaahịa (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe mbụ lekwasịrị anya na njikwa nje ndị sitere na nri na nri anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ, ọmụmụ ihe ndị na-adịbeghị anya agbanweela uche ha gaa na mmezi zuru oke nke arụmọrụ anụmanụ na ahụike eriri afọ (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, na butyrate adọtawo ọtụtụ mmasị dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri acid organic, nke formic acid bụkwa ihe na-ekwe nkwa (21, 23). A lekwasịla anya nke ọma na akụkụ nchekwa nri nke formic acid, karịsịa mbelata nke ọrịa nje sitere na nri na nri anụ ụlọ. Agbanyeghị, a na-atụlekwa ojiji ndị ọzọ enwere ike iji. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke nyocha a bụ inyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke formic acid dị ka ihe na-eme ka nri anụ ụlọ ka mma (Foto 1). N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị ga-enyocha usoro nje bacteria nke formic acid. Tinyere nke a, anyị ga-eleba anya nke ọma n'otú o si emetụta anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ ma tụlee ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi mee ka ọ dịkwuo irè.
Fig. 1. Maapụ uche nke isiokwu ndị a tụlere na nyocha a. Karịsịa, ebumnuche izugbe ndị a lekwasịrị anya na: ịkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke formic acid dị ka ihe na-eme ka nri anụ ụlọ ka mma, usoro ọgwụ nje nke formic acid na mmetụta nke ojiji ya na ahụike anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ, na ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi melite arụmọrụ.
Mmepụta nri maka anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ bụ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere nhazi anụ ahụ nke ọka (dịka ọmụmaatụ, igwe egwe iji belata nha nke ihe), nhazi okpomọkụ maka ịkpụcha pellet, na itinye ọtụtụ ihe oriri na nri dabere na mkpa nri kpọmkwem nke anụmanụ ahụ (27). N'ihi mgbagwoju anya a, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na nhazi nri na-ekpughe ọka nye ọtụtụ ihe gburugburu ebe obibi tupu ọ ruo na igwe egwe nri, n'oge igwe egwe, na mgbe e mesịrị n'oge njem na inye nri na nri na nri ndị mejupụtara (9, 21, 28). Ya mere, n'ime afọ ndị a, achọpụtala otu ìgwè nje dị iche iche na nri, gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị nje bacteria kamakwa bacteriophages, fungi, na yist (9, 21, 28–31). Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emerụ emerụ, dị ka ụfọdụ fungi, nwere ike imepụta mycotoxins nke na-etinye ihe egwu ahụike nye anụmanụ (32–35).
Ọnụọgụgụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị iche iche ma dabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na ụzọ dị iche iche e si ekewapụ ma chọpụta nje bacteria yana isi iyi nke ihe nlele ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị iche tupu ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ metụtara pelleting (36). Ọ bụ ezie na usoro omenala na efere plating enyela ụfọdụ ozi, ojiji nke usoro 16S rRNA gene-based next-genera sequencing (NGS) nke na-adịbeghị anya enyela nyocha zuru oke nke obodo microbiome nri (9). Mgbe Solanki et al. (37) lere microbiome nje bacteria nke ọka wit echekwara ruo oge ụfọdụ n'ihu phosphine, ihe na-egbu nje, ha chọpụtara na microbiome ahụ dị iche iche mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị na mgbe ọnwa 3 nke nchekwa gasịrị. Ọzọkwa, Solanki et al. (37) (37) gosiri na Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, na Planctomyces bụ phyla kachasị na ọka wit, Bacillus, Erwinia, na Pseudomonas bụ genera kachasị, Enterobacteriaceae mekwara obere nha. Dabere na ntụnyere taxonomic, ha kwubiri na nsị phosphine gbanwere ọnụọgụ nje bacteria nke ukwuu mana ọ metụtaghị ụdị fungal dị iche iche.
Solanki na ndị otu ya (37) gosiri na ebe nri na-esi enweta nri nwekwara ike ịnwe nje ndị sitere na nri nke nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze dabere na nchọpụta nke Enterobacteriaceae na microbiome. A na-ejikọ nje ndị sitere na nri dịka Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, na Listeria monocytogenes na nri anụmanụ na silage (9, 31, 38). A maghị ugbu a na nje ndị ọzọ sitere na nri na nri anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ adịghị ike. Ge et al. (39) nyochachara ihe karịrị ihe oriri anụmanụ 200 na Salmonella, E. coli, na Enterococci dịpụrụ adịpụ, mana ha achọpụtaghị E. coli O157:H7 ma ọ bụ Campylobacter. Agbanyeghị, matrices dị ka nri kpọrọ nkụ nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi nke nje E. coli. N'ịchọpụta ebe ọrịa nje nke escherichia coli (STEC) nke na-emepụta ihe na-egbu egbu nke Shiga toxins na-akpata ọrịa mmadụ na 2016, Crowe et al. (40) jiri usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dum tụnyere ihe ndị a na-enweta site na ngwaahịa nri. Dabere na ntụnyere a, ha kwubiri na isi iyi ya nwere ike ịbụ ntụ ọka wit a na-anaghị enweta site na ntụ ọka. Oke mmiri dị na ntụ ọka wit na-egosi na STEC nwekwara ike ịdị ndụ na nri anụmanụ na-enweghị mmiri. Agbanyeghị, dịka Crowe et al. (40) si kwuo, ikewapụ STEC na ntụ ọka siri ike ma chọọ ụzọ nkewa immunomagnetic iji weghachite ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje. Usoro nchọpụta ndị yiri ya nwekwara ike ime ka nchọpụta na ikewapụ nke nje ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na nri anụmanụ sie ike. Ihe isi ike dị na nchọpụta nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi ogologo oge nke nje ndị a na matrices dị ala na mmiri. Forghani et al. (41) gosiri na ntụ ọka wit echekwara n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ụlọ ma tinye ya na ngwakọta nke enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, na O145 na Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, na S. Anatum) ka a na-agụta n'ime ụbọchị 84 na 112 ma ka dị na-achọpụta ya n'ime izu 24 na 52.
N'oge gara aga, a naghị ekewapụ Campylobacter site na nri anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ site na usoro omenala ọdịnala (38, 39), ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ikewapụ Campylobacter site na eriri afọ nke anụ ọkụkọ na anụ ọkụkọ (42, 43). Agbanyeghị, nri ka nwere uru ya dị ka isi iyi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Alves et al. (44) gosipụtara na ịgba ọgwụ ọkụkọ e ji abụba mee na C. jejuni na nchekwa nri ahụ na okpomọkụ abụọ dị iche iche maka ụbọchị 3 ma ọ bụ 5 mere ka C. jejuni dị ndụ gbakee, na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọbụna mmụba ha. Ha kwubiri na C. jejuni nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'ezie na nri anụ ọkụkọ, ya mere, ọ nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi nke ọrịa maka ọkụkọ.
Mmetọ Salmonella nke anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ enwetawo nlebara anya dị ukwuu n'oge gara aga ma ka bụ isi ihe a na-eme iji mepụta ụzọ nchọpụta kpọmkwem maka nri na ịchọta usoro njikwa dị irè karị (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ enyochala ikewapụ na njirimara nke Salmonella n'ọtụtụ ebe nri na ụlọ ọrụ nri (38, 39, 54–61). N'ozuzu, ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na enwere ike ikewapụ Salmonella site na ọtụtụ ihe oriri, ebe nri, ụdị nri, na ọrụ nrụpụta nri. Ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ na-enweta na ụdị Salmonella ndị a na-ekewapụ dịkwa iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Li et al. (57) kwadoro ọnụnọ nke Salmonella spp. Achọpụtara ya na 12.5% ​​​​nke ihe nlele 2058 anakọtara site na nri anụmanụ zuru oke, ihe oriri, nri anụ ụlọ, ihe oriri anụ ụlọ, na ihe mgbakwunye anụ ụlọ n'oge oge nchịkọta data 2002 ruo 2009. Ọzọkwa, ụdị serotypes kachasị achọpụtara na 12.5% ​​nke ihe atụ Salmonella ndị a nwalere dị mma bụ S. Senftenberg na S. Montevideo (57). N'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nri dị njikere iri na ngwaahịa anụmanụ na Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) kọrọ na Salmonella kachasị gbasaa bụ na anụ azụ, yana protein anụmanụ, yana S. Mbanka na S. Montevideo dị ka ụdị serotypes kachasị. Ụlọ ọrụ nri na-enyekwa ọtụtụ ebe mmetọ nri nwere ike ime n'oge ịgwakọta na itinye ihe ndị e ji mee ya (9, 56, 61). Magossi et al. (61) nwere ike igosi na ọtụtụ ebe mmetọ nwere ike ime n'oge mmepụta nri na United States. N'ezie, Magossi et al. (61) chọpụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ọdịbendị Salmonella dị mma na ụlọ ọrụ nri iri na otu (ngụkọta ebe nlele 12) na steeti asatọ na United States. Ebe ọ bụ na Salmonella nwere ike imerụ ahụ n'oge a na-eji nri, na-ebuga ya, na-enye ya nri kwa ụbọchị, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na a na-eme nnukwu mgbalị iji mepụta ihe mgbakwunye nri nke nwere ike ibelata ma nọgide na-enwe obere mmebi nje n'oge usoro mmepụta anụmanụ.
A maghị ihe gbasara usoro nke mmeghachi omume kpọmkwem nke Salmonella na formic acid. Agbanyeghị, Huang et al. (62) gosiri na formic acid dị na obere eriri afọ nke anụmanụ na Salmonella spp. nwere ike imepụta formic acid. Huang et al. (62) jiri usoro nke mwepu nke ụzọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nje Salmonella ma chọpụta na formate nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbaàmà mgbasa iji kpalite Salmonella ịwakpo mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial Hep-2. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Liu et al. (63) kewapụrụ onye na-ebufe formate, FocA, site na Salmonella typhimurium nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọwa formate kpọmkwem na pH 7.0 mana ọ nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ọwa mbupụ na-agafe agafe na pH dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ka ọwa mbubata formate/hydrogen nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na pH dị ala. Agbanyeghị, emere ọmụmụ ihe a na naanị otu serotype nke S. Typhimurium. Ajụjụ ka dị ma serotypes niile na-aza formic acid site na usoro ndị yiri ya. Nke a ka bụ ajụjụ nyocha dị mkpa nke a ga-aza na ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu. N'agbanyeghị ihe si na ya pụta, ọ ka dị mma iji ọtụtụ ụdị Salmonella serotypes ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ ụdị nke ụdị serotype ọ bụla mee nyocha mgbe a na-emepụta ndụmọdụ izugbe maka iji ihe mgbakwunye acid iji belata ọkwa Salmonella na nri. Ụzọ ọhụrụ, dị ka iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa barcode iji dee ụdị dị iche iche iji mata obere obere dị iche iche nke otu ụdị serotype (9, 64), na-enye ohere ịchọpụta ọdịiche dị mma nke nwere ike imetụta nkwubi okwu na nkọwa nke ọdịiche dị iche iche.
Ọdịdị kemịkalụ na ụdị nkewapụ nke formate nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa. N'usoro ọmụmụ, Beyer et al. (65–67) gosiri na mgbochi nke Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, na Campylobacter coli nwere njikọ na ọnụọgụ nke formic acid dissociated ma na-adabereghị na pH ma ọ bụ undissociated formic acid. Ụdị kemịkalụ nke formate nke nje bacteria na-ekpughe dịkwa ka ihe dị mkpa. Kovanda et al. (68) nyochachara ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ Gram-negative na Gram-positive ma tụnyere oke mgbochi kacha nta (MICs) nke sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) na ngwakọta nke sodium formate na free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Dabere na ụkpụrụ MIC, ha chọpụtara na sodium formate na-egbochi naanị Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, na Streptococcus pneumoniae, mana ọ bụghị megide Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, ma ọ bụ Enterococcus faecalis. N'ụzọ dị iche, ngwakọta nke sodium formate na free sodium formate na-egbochi ihe niile dị ndụ, na-eduga ndị edemede ahụ ikwubi na free formic acid nwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi nje. Ọ ga-amasị mma inyocha oke dị iche iche nke ụdị kemịkal abụọ a iji chọpụta ma oke nke uru MIC kwekọrọ na ọkwa nke formic acid dị na usoro agwakọtara na nzaghachi na 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia na ndị otu ya (69) nwalere ngwakọta nke mmanụ dị mkpa na asịd organic (dịka formic acid) megide ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na Escherichia coli, Salmonella, na Clostridium perfringens nke e si n'ezi anụ nweta. Ha nwalere irè nke asịd organic isii, gụnyere formic acid, na mmanụ dị mkpa isii megide ihe ndị dị na ezi anụ, na-eji formaldehyde dị ka njikwa dị mma. Gomez-García na ndị otu ya (69) chọpụtara MIC50, MBC50, na MIC50/MBC50 nke formic acid megide Escherichia coli (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), na Clostridium perfringens (1200 na 2400 ppm, 2), nke a chọpụtara na formic acid dị irè karịa asịd organic niile megide E. coli na Salmonella. (69) Formic acid dị irè megide Escherichia coli na Salmonella n'ihi obere nha molekul ya na ogologo agbụ ya (70).
Beyer na ndị otu ya nyochachara ụdị nje Campylobacter e kewapụrụ n'anụ ezi (66) na ụdị nje jejuni nke Campylobacter kewapụrụ n'anụ ọkụkọ (67) ma gosi na formic acid na-ekewapụ na njupụta kwekọrọ na nzaghachi MIC e tụrụ maka asịd ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Agbanyeghị, a na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere ike dị n'ime asịd ndị a, gụnyere formic acid, n'ihi na Campylobacter nwere ike iji asịd ndị a dị ka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (66, 67). Ojiji acid nke C. jejuni abụghị ihe ijuanya n'ihi na egosiri na ọ nwere metabolism na-abụghị glycolytic. Ya mere, C. jejuni nwere obere ikike maka catabolism carbohydrate ma dabere na gluconeogenesis site na amino acids na organic acids maka ọtụtụ metabolism ike ya na ọrụ biosynthetic (71, 72). Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ nke Line et al. (73) jiri usoro phenotypic nwere isi iyi carbon 190 ma gosi na C. jejuni 11168(GS) nwere ike iji asịd organic dị ka isi iyi carbon, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe dị n'etiti usoro tricarboxylic acid. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ nke Wagli et al. (74) site na iji usoro ojiji carbon phenotypic gosiri na ụdị C. jejuni na E. coli e lere anya na nnyocha ha nwere ike itolite na asịd organic dị ka isi iyi carbon. Formate bụ onye na-enye electron bụ isi maka metabolism ike iku ume C. jejuni, ya mere, isi iyi ike maka C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni nwere ike iji formate dị ka onye na-enye hydrogen site na membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex nke na-eme ka formate ghọọ carbon dioxide, protons, na electrons ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-enye electron maka iku ume (72).
A na-eji Formic acid eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka nje bacteria dịkwuo mma, mana ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ nwekwara ike imepụta formic acid maka iji ya dị ka kemịkalụ nchebe nje. Rossini et al. (76) tụrụ aro na formic acid nwere ike ịbụ ihe mejupụtara mmiri acidic nke ndanda nke Ray (77) kọwara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 350 gara aga. Kemgbe ahụ, nghọta anyị banyere mmepụta formic acid na ndanda na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ amụbaala nke ukwuu, a makwaara ugbu a na usoro a bụ akụkụ nke usoro nchebe nsí dị mgbagwoju anya na ụmụ ahụhụ (78). Otu dị iche iche nke ụmụ ahụhụ, gụnyere aṅụ na-enweghị nsị, ndanda nwere mkpịsị aka (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ụmụ ahụhụ ala (Galerita lecontei na G. janus), ndanda na-enweghị nsị (Formicinae), na ụfọdụ larvae nla (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), a maara na ha na-emepụta formic acid dị ka kemịkalụ nchebe (76, 78–82).
Ikekwe ndanda kacha mara amara n'ihi na ha nwere acidocytes, oghere pụrụ iche nke na-enye ha ohere ịgbasa nsị nke mejupụtara formic acid (82). Ndanda na-eji serine dị ka ihe na-ebute ụzọ ma na-echekwa nnukwu ụdị formate n'ime gland venom ha, nke zuru oke iji chebe ndanda ndị ọbịa site na cytotoxicity nke formate ruo mgbe a ga-agba ya (78, 83). Acid formic ha na-ewepụta nwere ike (1) ije ozi dị ka pheromone mkpu iji dọta ndanda ndị ọzọ; (2) ịbụ kemịkalụ nchebe megide ndị asọmpi na ndị na-eri anụ; na (3) ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbu nje na nje bacteria mgbe ejikọtara ya na resin dị ka akụkụ nke ihe akwu (78, 82, 84–88). Acid formic nke ndanda mepụtara nwere ihe ndị na-egbu nje, na-egosi na enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye n'elu. Bruch et al. (88) gosipụtara nke a, bụ ndị tinyere formic acid sịntetik na resin ma meziwanye ọrụ antifungal nke ukwuu. Ihe akaebe ọzọ nke ịdị irè nke formic acid na uru ya dị na bayoloji bụ na nnukwu anteaters, ndị na-enweghị ike imepụta acid afọ, na-eri ndanda nwere formic acid iji nye onwe ha formic acid dị ka ihe ọzọ na-eme ka nri dị nro (89).
A tụlewo ma mụọ ojiji nke formic acid n'ọrụ ugbo ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Karịsịa, enwere ike iji formic acid mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na nri anụmanụ na silage. A na-ewere sodium formate n'ụdị siri ike na mmiri mmiri dị mma maka ụdị anụmanụ niile, ndị na-azụ ahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi (90). Dabere na nyocha ha (90), a na-ewere oke mkpokọta nke 10,000 mg formic acid nhata/kg nri dị mma maka ụdị anụmanụ niile, ebe a na-ewere oke mkpokọta nke 12,000 mg formic acid nhata/kg nri dị mma maka ezi. A na-amụ ojiji nke formic acid dị ka ihe na-eme ka nri anụmanụ ka mma ruo ọtụtụ afọ. A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-echekwa silage na ihe na-egbochi nje bacteria na nri anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ.
Ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ dịka asịd abụrụla ihe dị mkpa na mmepụta silage na njikwa nri (91, 92). Borreani et al. (91) kwuru na iji nweta mmepụta kacha mma nke silage dị elu, ọ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe mma nri ebe a na-echekwa ihe kpọrọ nkụ dịka o kwere mee. Ihe si na nhazi dị otú ahụ pụta bụ ibelata mfu n'oge niile nke usoro ensiling: site na ọnọdụ aerobic mbụ na silo ruo na ịgbara mmiri na-esote, nchekwa na imeghe silo maka nri. Akọwapụtala ụzọ ụfọdụ maka imeziwanye mmepụta silage ubi na ịgbara mmiri silage na-esote n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ebe ọzọ (91, 93-95) a gaghị atụlekwa ya nke ọma ebe a. Isi nsogbu bụ mmebi oxidative nke yist na ebu kpatara mgbe oxygen dị na silage (91, 92). Ya mere, ewebatala inoculants na ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ iji lụso mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmebi (91, 92). Ihe ndị ọzọ a ga-atụle maka ihe mgbakwunye silage gụnyere igbochi mgbasa nke nje ndị nwere ike ịdị na silage (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nje E. coli, Listeria, na Salmonella) yana fungi ndị na-emepụta mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack na ndị otu ya (92) kewara ihe mgbakwunye acidic n'ime ụdị abụọ. Asịd dịka propionic, acetic, sorbic, na benzoic acid na-eme ka silage kwụsie ike mgbe a na-enye ya anụ site n'ibelata uto nke yist na ebu (92). Mack na ndị otu ya (92) kewapụrụ formic acid na asịd ndị ọzọ ma were ya dị ka ihe na-eme ka silage sie ike kpọmkwem nke na-egbochi clostridia na nje ndị na-emebi emebi ebe ọ na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke protein silage. N'ọrụ, ụdị nnu ha bụ ụdị kemịkalụ kachasị ewu ewu iji zere ihe ndị na-emebi emebi nke asịd ndị dị n'ụdị na-abụghị nnu (91). Ọtụtụ otu nnyocha amụọla formic acid dị ka ihe mgbakwunye acid maka silage. A maara Formic acid maka ikike ya dị ngwa ngwa na mmetụta mgbochi ya na uto nke nje silage ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke na-ebelata protein na ọdịnaya carbohydrate na-agbaze mmiri na silage (99). Ya mere, He na ndị otu ya (92) tụnyere formic acid na ihe mgbakwunye acidic na silage. (100) gosipụtara na formic acid nwere ike igbochi Escherichia coli ma belata pH nke silage. A gbakwụnyekwara omenala nje bacteria na-emepụta formic na lactic acid na silage iji kpalite acidification na mmepụta organic acid (101). N'ezie, Cooley et al. (101) chọpụtara na mgbe ejiri 3% (w/v) formic acid mee ka silage dị ọcha, mmepụta nke lactic na formic acid gafere 800 na 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sample, n'otu n'otu. Mack et al. (92) nyochachara akwụkwọ nyocha mgbakwunye silage nke ọma, gụnyere ọmụmụ e bipụtara kemgbe 2000 nke lekwasịrị anya na/ma ọ bụ gụnyere formic acid na acid ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, nyocha a agaghị atụle ọmụmụ ihe nkeonwe n'ụzọ zuru ezu kama ọ ga-achịkọta naanị isi ihe ụfọdụ gbasara irè nke formic acid dị ka ihe mgbakwunye silage kemịkalụ. A mụọla ma formic acid na-enweghị buffered na nke buffered, n'ọtụtụ oge Clostridium spp. Ọrụ ya (carbohydrate, protein, na lactate uptake na butyrate excretion) na-ebelata, ebe mmepụta ammonia na butyrate na-ebelata ma njigide ihe akọrọ na-abawanye (92). E nwere oke na arụmọrụ nke formic acid, mana ojiji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye silage yana acid ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-emeri ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ndị a (92).
Asịd Formic nwere ike igbochi nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa nke na-etinye ahụike mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Pauly na Tam (102) gbara obere silos ụlọ nyocha nwere L. monocytogenes nwere ọkwa ihe akọrọ atọ dị iche iche (200, 430, na 540 g/kg) nke ryegrass ọgwụ wee tinye formic acid (3 ml/kg) ma ọ bụ nje bacteria lactic acid (8 × 105/g) na enzymes cellulolytic. Ha kọrọ na ọgwụgwọ abụọ ahụ belatara L. monocytogenes ruo ọkwa a na-apụghị ịchọpụta na obere silage ihe kpọrọ nkụ (200 g/kg). Agbanyeghị, na silage ihe kpọrọ nkụ dị ọkara (430 g/kg), a ka nwere ike ịchọpụta L. monocytogenes mgbe ụbọchị 30 gachara na silage a na-agwọ formic acid. O yiri ka mbelata na L. monocytogenes nwere njikọ na pH dị ala, lactic acid, na asịd ndị a na-ejikọghị ọnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Pauly na Tam (102) kwuru na ọkwa lactic acid na acid ndị a na-ejikọtaghị dị oke mkpa, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara na ahụghị mbelata na L. monocytogenes na mgbasa ozi formic acid sitere na silages nwere ọdịnaya kpọrọ nkụ dị elu. A ga-eme ọmụmụ ihe ndị yiri ya n'ọdịnihu maka ọrịa ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị dịka Salmonella na pathogenic E. coli. Nyocha usoro 16S rDNA zuru oke nke obodo microbial silage dum nwekwara ike inye aka ịchọpụta mgbanwe na ọnụọgụgụ microbial silage zuru oke nke na-eme n'oge dị iche iche nke ịgba silage n'ihu formic acid (103). Inweta data microbiome nwere ike inye nkwado nyocha iji buru amụma nke ọma nke ịgba silage na ịmepụta ngwakọta mgbakwunye kacha mma iji nọgide na-enwe ịdị mma silage dị elu.
N'ihe gbasara nri anụmanụ sitere na ọka, a na-eji formic acid eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ nje iji belata ọkwa nje na ụdị nri dị iche iche sitere na ọka yana ụfọdụ ihe oriri dịka ngwaahịa anụmanụ. Enwere ike kewaa mmetụta ndị na-akpata nje na anụ ọkụkọ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ụdị abụọ: mmetụta kpọmkwem na ọnụọgụ nje nke nri ahụ n'onwe ya na mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè na nje ndị na-abanye n'ime eriri afọ nke anụmanụ mgbe ha risịrị nri a gwọrọ (20, 21, 104). N'ụzọ doro anya, ụdị abụọ a nwere njikọ chiri anya, ebe mbelata na nje na nri kwesịrị ibute mbelata na nhazi mgbe anụmanụ riri nri ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ihe ndị na-egbochi nje nke otu acid a gbakwunyere na matrix nri nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ ihe, dị ka nhazi nke nri ahụ na ụdị nke etinyere acid ahụ (21, 105).
N'oge gara aga, ojiji nke formic acid na asịd ndị ọzọ metụtara ya lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na njikwa kpọmkwem nke Salmonella na nri anụmanụ na anụ ọkụkọ (21). A chịkọtara nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ndị a nke ọma na ọtụtụ nyocha ebipụtara n'oge dị iche iche (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), yabụ naanị ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi sitere na ọmụmụ ndị a ka a tụlere na nyocha a. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila na ọrụ nje nke formic acid na matrices nri dabere na dose na oge ikpughe na formic acid, ọdịnaya mmiri nke matrix nri, na ntinye nje bacteria na nri na eriri afọ anụmanụ (19, 21, 107–109). Ụdị matrix nri na isi iyi nke ihe ndị e ji eri nri anụmanụ na-emetụtakwa ihe ndị dị na ya. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila na ọkwa Salmonella Nsí nje bacteria nke e kewapụrụ na ngwaahịa anụmanụ nwere ike ịdị iche na nke e kewapụrụ na ngwaahịa osisi (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Agbanyeghị, ọdịiche dị na nzaghachi nye asịd dịka formic acid nwere ike ịbụ ihe metụtara ọdịiche dị na ndụ serovar na nri na okpomọkụ ebe a na-edozi nri (19, 113, 114). Ọdịiche dị na nzaghachi serovar na ọgwụgwọ asịd nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mmetọ nke anụ ọkụkọ na nri ruru unyi (113, 115), na ọdịiche dị na ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa virulence (116) nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ọdịiche dị na nnabata acid nwere ike imetụta nchọpụta Salmonella na mgbasa ozi omenala ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị echekwa asịd ndị a na-eri nri nke ọma (21, 105, 117–122). Ụdị anụ ahụ nke nri (n'ihe gbasara nha irighiri ihe) nwekwara ike imetụta nnweta formic acid na eriri afọ (123).
Usoro iji mee ka ọrụ ọgwụ nje nke formic acid agbakwunyere na nri dịkwuo oke mkpa. A tụrụ aro ka e tinyekwuo acid maka ihe ndị nwere mmetọ dị elu tupu agwakọta nri iji belata mmebi nwere ike ime na ngwa igwe nri na nsogbu na ire ere anụmanụ (105). Jones (51) kwubiri na Salmonella dị na nri tupu nhicha kemịkalụ siri ike ijikwa karịa Salmonella na-emetụ nri aka mgbe ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ gasịrị. A tụrụ aro ka ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke nri n'oge nhazi na igwe nri dị ka ihe mgbochi iji belata mmetọ Salmonella nke nri, mana nke a dabere na nhazi nri, nha ihe ndị dị na ya, na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara usoro igwe nri (51). Ọrụ antimicrobial nke acid na-adaberekwa na okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ dị elu n'ihu acid organic nwere ike inwe mmetụta synergistic na Salmonella, dịka a hụrụ na omenala mmiri mmiri nke Salmonella (124, 125). Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere nri ndị nwere mmetọ Salmonella na-akwado echiche ahụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na-eme ka acid dị irè na matrix nri (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) jiri nhazi ihe mejupụtara etiti mụọ mmekọrịta nke okpomọkụ na acid (formic ma ọ bụ lactic acid) na ụdị iri nke Salmonella enterica na Escherichia coli nke e kewapụrụ site na nri ehi dị iche iche ma gbanye ya n'ime pellet ehi nwere acid. Ha kwubiri na okpomọkụ bụ ihe kacha emetụta mbelata nje bacteria, yana acid na ụdị nje bacteria. Mmetụta synergistic na acid ka na-achịkwa, yabụ enwere ike iji obere okpomọkụ na mkpokọta acid. Agbanyeghị, ha kwukwara na mmetụta synergistic anaghị ahụ mgbe niile mgbe ejiri formic acid, nke na-eduga ha na-enyo enyo na volatilization nke formic acid na okpomọkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ mmetụta nchekwa nke ihe mejupụtara nri matrix bụ ihe kpatara ya.
Ịmachi ndụ nri tupu e nye anụmanụ nri bụ otu ụzọ isi chịkwaa iwebata nje ndị sitere na nri n'ahụ anụmanụ ahụ n'oge a na-enye ha nri. Agbanyeghị, ozugbo asịd dị n'ime nri ahụ batara n'ime eriri afọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ nje bacteria. Ọrụ nje bacteria nke ihe acidic e nyere n'èzí n'ime eriri afọ nwere ike ịdabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere mkpokọta acid gastric, ebe ọrụ nke eriri afọ, pH na ọdịnaya oxygen nke eriri afọ, afọ anụmanụ ahụ, na nhazi nke nje bacteria eriri afọ (nke dabere na ebe eriri afọ na ntozu okè nke anụmanụ ahụ) (21, 24, 128–132). Na mgbakwunye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na nje anaerobic na eriri afọ (nke na-aghọ nke kachasị na obere akụkụ nri nke anụmanụ monogastric ka ha na-etolite) na-emepụta asịd organic site na ịgbaze, nke nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta na-emegide nje ndị na-adịghị adị na-abanye na eriri afọ (17, 19–21).
Ọtụtụ n'ime nnyocha mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'iji asịd organic, gụnyere formate, iji belata Salmonella na eriri afọ nke anụ ọkụkọ, nke a tụlere nke ọma na nyocha dị iche iche (12, 20, 21). Mgbe a tụlere ọmụmụ ihe ndị a ọnụ, enwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa. McHan na Shotts (133) kọrọ na inye formic na propionic acid belatara ọkwa Salmonella Typhimurium na cecum nke ọkụkọ ndị a gbara nje bacteria ọgwụ ma tụọ ha mgbe ha dị afọ 7, 14, na 21. Agbanyeghị, mgbe Hume et al. (128) lere propionate C-14-labeled, ha kwubiri na obere propionate dị na nri nwere ike iru cecum. A ka ga-ekpebi ma nke a ọ bụkwa eziokwu maka formic acid. Agbanyeghị, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Bourassa et al. (134) kọrọ na inye formic na propionic acid belatara ọkwa Salmonella Typhimurium n'ime cecum nke ọkụkọ ndị a gbara ọgwụ nje bacteria, nke a tụrụ na ụbọchị 7, 14, na 21. (132) kwuru na inye formic acid na 4 g/t nye ọkụkọ ndị a na-agba anụ n'ime oge uto izu isii belatara mkpokọta S. Typhimurium na cecum ruo n'okpuru ọkwa nchọpụta.
Ọnụnọ nke formic acid n'ime nri nwere ike inwe mmetụta n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke eriri afọ ọkụkọ. Al-Tarazi na Alshavabkeh (134) gosiri na ngwakọta nke formic acid na propionic acid nwere ike ibelata mmetọ Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) na ihe ubi na cecum. Thompson na Hinton (129) hụrụ na ngwakọta formic acid na propionic acid dị n'ahịa mụbara mkpokọta nke acid abụọ dị na ihe ubi na gizzard ma na-egbu nje bacteria megide Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 na ụdị in vitro n'okpuru ọnọdụ ịzụ anụ. Echiche a na-akwado site na data in vivo sitere na Bird et al. (135) tinyere formic acid na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke ọkụkọ broiler n'oge a na-ebu ọnụ tupu ebuga ya, dị ka ọkụkọ broiler na-ebu ọnụ tupu ebuga ya na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi anụ ọkụkọ. Mgbakwunye formic acid na mmiri ọṅụṅụ butere mbelata na ọnụọgụ S. Typhimurium na ihe ọkụkụ na epididymis, yana mbelata ugboro ole ihe ọkụkụ S. Typhimurium nwere ike ịdị, mana ọ bụghị na ọnụọgụ epididymis dị mma (135). Mmepe nke usoro nnyefe nke nwere ike ichebe asịd organic mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ na ala eriri afọ nwere ike inye aka melite arụmọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosila na microencapsulation nke formic acid na mgbakwunye ya na nri ahụ na-ebelata ọnụọgụ Salmonella Enteritidis na ihe dị na cecal (136). Agbanyeghị, nke a nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na ụdị anụmanụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Walia et al. (137) ahụghị mbelata na Salmonella na cecum ma ọ bụ lymph nodes nke ezi dị ụbọchị 28 nyere ngwakọta nke formic acid, citric acid, na capsules mmanụ dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na ebelatara mwepụta Salmonella na nsị na ụbọchị 14, ebelataghị ya na ụbọchị 28. Ha gosiri na egbochiri nnyefe Salmonella n'etiti ezi.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ banyere formic acid dị ka ihe na-egbu nje n'ịzụ anụmanụ lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na Salmonella nke a na-enweta site na nri, e nwekwara ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata afọ. Ọmụmụ In vitro nke Kovanda et al. (68) mere na-egosi na formic acid nwekwara ike ịdị irè megide nje ndị ọzọ na-ebute site na nri afọ, gụnyere Escherichia coli na Campylobacter jejuni. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga egosila na acid organic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, lactic acid) na ngwakọta azụmaahịa nwere formic acid dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya nwere ike ibelata ọkwa Campylobacter na ọkụkọ (135, 138). Agbanyeghị, dịka Beyer et al. (67) kwuru na mbụ, iji formic acid dị ka ihe na-egbu nje megide Campylobacter nwere ike ịchọ ịkpachara anya. Nchọpụta a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka mgbakwunye nri na ọkụkọ n'ihi na formic acid bụ isi iyi ike iku ume maka C. jejuni. Ọzọkwa, a na-eche na akụkụ nke niche eriri afọ ya bụ n'ihi nri metabolic na ngwaahịa agwakọta acid fermentation nke nje bacteria na-emepụta, dị ka formate (139). Echiche a nwere ụfọdụ ihe ndabere. Ebe ọ bụ na formate bụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka C. jejuni, mgbanwe abụọ nwere ntụpọ na ma formate dehydrogenase na hydrogenase ebelatala ọnụego nke ịmịkọ mmiri cecal na ọkụkọ broiler ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị C. jejuni nke anụ ọhịa (140, 141). O doghị anya ruo ókè mgbakwunye formic acid mpụga si emetụta ịmịkọ mmiri nke C. jejuni na ọkụkọ. Njupụta nke usoro ihe oriri eriri afọ nwere ike ịdị ala n'ihi catabolism nke nje bacteria ndị ọzọ na-amịkọ ma ọ bụ nnabata formate na usoro nri elu, yabụ ọtụtụ mgbanwe nwere ike imetụta nke a. Na mgbakwunye, formate bụ ngwaahịa nwere ike ịgbakọ nke ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta, nke nwere ike imetụta ọkwa usoro ihe oriri eriri afọ zuru oke. Ịgụta ụdị ihe dị na ọdịnaya eriri afọ na ịchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa formate dehydrogenase site na iji metagenomics nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke microorganisms na-emepụta formate.
Roth na ndị otu ya (142) tụnyere mmetụta nke inye ọkụkọ broiler nri, ọgwụ nje enrofloxacin ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke formic, acetic, na propionic acid n'ọtụtụ Escherichia coli na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje. A gụrụ mkpokọta na nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje E. coli na ihe nlele nsị nke ọkụkọ broiler dị otu ụbọchị na ihe nlele ọdịnaya cecal sitere na ọkụkọ broiler dị ụbọchị 14 na 38. A nwalere E. coli isolates maka iguzogide ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, na tetracycline dịka ebe a chọpụtara na mbụ maka ọgwụ nje ọ bụla. Mgbe a tụrụ ma kọwaa ọnụọgụgụ E. coli dị iche iche, enrofloxacin ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye acid cocktail agbanweghị ọnụọgụgụ E. coli nke e kewapụrụ na ceca nke ọkụkọ broiler dị ụbọchị 17 na 28. Nnụnụ ndị nyere nri mgbakwunye enrofloxacin nwere mmụba nke E. coli ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, na tetracycline-na-eguzogide ọgwụ E. coli na-ebelata na ọkwa E. coli na-eguzogide ọgwụ cefotaxime na ceca. Nnụnụ ndị nyere ọgwụ ahụ nwere ọnụọgụgụ E. coli na-eguzogide ọgwụ ampicillin na tetracycline na ceca ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnụnụ ndị a na-achịkwa na enrofloxacin. Nnụnụ ndị nyere acid agwakọtara ahụ nwekwara mbelata na ọnụọgụgụ E. coli na-eguzogide ọgwụ ciprofloxacin na sulfamethoxazole na cecum ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnụnụ ndị e nyere enrofloxacin. Usoro esi ebelata ọnụọgụgụ E. coli na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje na-ebelataghị ọnụọgụgụ E. coli zuru oke ka edoghị anya. Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe Roth et al. kwekọrọ na nke otu enrofloxacin. (142) Nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi mbelata mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje na E. coli, dị ka ndị na-egbochi plasmid nke Cabezon et al. (143) kọwara. Ọ ga-amasị m ime nyocha miri emi nke iguzogide ọgwụ nje nke plasmid na-akpata n'ime anụ ọkụkọ n'ihu ihe mgbakwunye nri dị ka formic acid ma mee ka nyocha a ka mma site n'inyocha mgbochi eriri afọ.
Mmepe nke ihe mgbakwunye nri nje kachasị mma megide nje kwesịrị inwe obere mmetụta na osisi afọ, ọkachasị na microbiota ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe bara uru nye onye ọbịa. Agbanyeghị, acid organic nke a na-enye site na mpụga nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na microbiota afọ na eriri afọ ma na-ewepụ ihe nchebe ha megide nje. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Thompson na Hinton (129) hụrụ mbelata ọkwa lactic acid nke ihe ọkụkụ na ọkụkọ ndị na-etinye ngwakọta nke formic na propionic acid, na-atụ aro na ọnụnọ nke acid organic ndị a na-emepụta n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ahụ butere mbelata na lactobacilli ubi. A na-ewere lactobacilli ubi dị ka ihe mgbochi nye Salmonella, ya mere mmebi nke microbiota ubi a nwere ike imebi mbelata nke Salmonella na-achịkwa tract eriri afọ (144). Açıkgöz et al. chọpụtara na mmetụta dị ala nke tract eriri afọ nke nnụnụ nwere ike ịdị ala. (145) Achọpụtaghị ọdịiche ọ bụla na mkpokọta flora eriri afọ ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ Escherichia coli na ọkụkọ broiler dị ụbọchị 42 na-aṅụ mmiri acid nke e tinyere formic acid. Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ tụrụ aro na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na a na-eme ka usoro ahụ dị n'ime eriri afọ elu, dịka ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ hụrụ site na iji obere abụba dị mkpụmkpụ (SCFA) nke a na-enye n'èzí (128, 129).
Ichebe formic acid site na ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpuchi nwere ike inyere ya aka iru ala eriri afọ. (146) kwuru na microencapsulated formic acid mụbara nke ukwuu mkpokọta short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) dị na cecum nke ezi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezi ndị a na-enye formic acid na-enweghị nchebe. Nsonaazụ a mere ka ndị dere ya kwuo na formic acid nwere ike iru ala eriri afọ nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na echekwara ya nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ paramita ndị ọzọ, dị ka formate na lactate, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị elu karịa ndị dị na ezi ndị a na-enye nri njikwa, adịghị iche na nke dị na ezi ndị a na-enye nri formate na-enweghị nchebe. Ọ bụ ezie na ezi ndị a na-enye ma formic acid na-enweghị nchebe na nke echekwara gosiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmụba okpukpu atọ na lactic acid, ọnụọgụ lactobacilli agbanweghị site na ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịkọwapụta ọdịiche ndị a maka obere nje ndị ọzọ na-emepụta lactic acid na cecum (1) nke usoro ndị a na/ma ọ bụ (2) ndị ọrụ metabolic ha na-emetụta, si otú a na-agbanwe usoro ịgbaze ahụ ka lactobacilli bi na-emepụta ọtụtụ lactic acid.
Iji mụọ nke ọma mmetụta nke ihe mgbakwunye nri na akụkụ afọ nke anụmanụ ugbo, a chọrọ ụzọ nchọpụta nje bacteria dị elu. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ejirila usoro nhazi ọgbọ na-esote (NGS) nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa RNA 16S iji chọpụta ụdị nje bacteria dị iche iche ma tụnyere ụdị dị iche iche nke obodo nje bacteria (147), nke enyela nghọta ka mma banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe mgbakwunye nri nri na nje bacteria dị n'ime eriri afọ nke anụmanụ nri dịka ọkụkọ.
Ọtụtụ nnyocha ejirila usoro microbiome nyochaa mmeghachi omume nke microbiome eriri afọ ọkụkọ iji mee ka mgbakwunye ya dịkwuo mma. Oakley na ndị otu ya (148) mere nnyocha n'ime ọkụkọ broiler dị ụbọchị 42 nke ejiri ngwakọta dị iche iche nke formic acid, propionic acid, na fatty acids dị n'etiti mee ihe n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ ha ma ọ bụ nri ha. E jiri ụdị Salmonella typhimurium na-eguzogide acid nalidixic sie ike ma wepụ ceca ha mgbe ha dị ụbọchị 0, 7, 21, na 42. E kwadebere ihe nlele Cecal maka pyrosequencing 454 ma nyochaa nsonaazụ usoro maka nhazi na ntụnyere yiri ya. N'ozuzu, ọgwụgwọ emetụtaghị ọkwa cecal microbiome ma ọ bụ S. Typhimurium nke ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, ọnụego nchọpụta Salmonella zuru oke belatara ka nnụnụ ndị ahụ na-aka nká, dịka nyocha taxonomic nke microbiome si gosi, ọnụọgụ nke usoro Salmonella belatakwara ka oge na-aga. Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ka broilers na-aka nká, ụdị dị iche iche nke nje cecal mụbara, na mgbanwe kachasị ukwuu na flora eriri afọ a hụrụ n'ofe otu ọgwụgwọ niile. N'ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ, Hu et al. (149) tụnyere mmetụta nke ịṅụ mmiri na inye nri ejiri ngwakọta nke organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, na ammonium formate) na virginiamycin tụnyere ihe atụ cecal microbiome sitere na ọkụkọ broiler anakọtara na ọkwa abụọ (ụbọchị 1-21 na ụbọchị 22-42). Ọ bụ ezie na a hụrụ ụfọdụ ọdịiche na ụdị cecal microbiome n'etiti otu ọgwụgwọ na ụbọchị 21, achọpụtaghị ọdịiche ọ bụla na ụdị α- ma ọ bụ β-bacteria na ụbọchị 42. N'ihi enweghị ọdịiche na ụbọchị 42 nke afọ, ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ chere na uru uto nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmalite mbụ nke microbiome dị iche iche nke ọma.
Nnyocha microbiome nke lekwasịrị anya naanị na obodo cecal microbiome nwere ike ọ gaghị egosi ebe mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere na organic acid na-eme na eriri afọ. Microbiome nke ọkụkọ broiler nwere ike ịdị mfe karịa site na mmetụta nke organic acid na-eri nri, dịka nsonaazụ nke Hume et al. (128) si kwuo. Hume et al. (128) gosiri na ọtụtụ n'ime propionate agbakwunyere na mpụga ahụ na-abanye na eriri afọ elu nke nnụnụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị na-adịbeghị anya gbasara njirimara nke microorganisms na-akwadokwa echiche a. Nava et al. (150) gosipụtara na ngwakọta nke organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, na propionic acid (HFP) metụtara microbiota eriri afọ ma mụbaa Lactobacillus colonization na ileum nke ọkụkọ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) gosiri na ngwakọta nke ngwakọta organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, na propionic acid (HFP) metụtara microbiota eriri afọ ma mụbaa nhazi Lactobacillus n'ime ileum nke ọkụkọ. (151) mụrụ banyere inye ọkụkọ broiler ngwakọta nke formic acid na propionic acid na mkpokọta abụọ (0.75% na 1.50%) ruo ụbọchị 35. Na ngwụcha nnwale ahụ, ewepụrụ ihe ubi, afọ, akụkụ abụọ n'ime atọ nke ileum, na cecum ma were ihe nlele maka nyocha ọnụọgụ nke flora na metabolites nke eriri afọ kpọmkwem site na iji RT-PCR. Na omenala, ntinye nke organic acid emetụtaghị ụba nke Lactobacillus ma ọ bụ Bifidobacterium, kama ọ mụbara ọnụọgụgụ nke Clostridium. Na ileum, naanị mgbanwe bụ mbelata na Lactobacillus na Enterobacter, ebe na cecum, osisi ndị a ka na-agbanweghị (151). N'ihe gbasara mgbakwunye acid organic kachasị elu, mkpokọta lactic acid (D na L) belatara n'ihe ubi ahụ, mkpokọta acid organic abụọ ahụ belatara n'ime gizzard, mkpokọta acid organic dịkwa ala na cecum. Enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na ileum. Banyere obere abụba dị mkpụmkpụ (SCFAs), naanị mgbanwe na ihe ubi na gizzard nke nnụnụ na-enye organic acid bụ na ọkwa propionate. Nnụnụ ndị na-enye obere acid organic gosiri mmụba ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu iri na propionate na ihe ubi ahụ, ebe nnụnụ na-enye oke acid organic abụọ gosiri mmụba okpukpu asatọ na iri na ise na propionate na gizzard, n'otu n'otu. Mmụba na acetate na ileum erughị okpukpu abụọ. N'ozuzu, data ndị a na-akwado echiche ahụ na ọtụtụ mmetụta nke itinye acid organic mpụga pụtara ìhè na mmepụta, ebe acid organic nwere obere mmetụta na obodo microbial eriri afọ dị ala, na-egosi na usoro ịgbaze nke flora bi na eriri afọ elu nwere ike ịgbanwe.
N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri nlezianya kọwaa otú microbiome si arụ ọrụ iji mee ka azịza microbiome ahụ doo anya nke ọma ka ọ na-etolite n'ime eriri afọ. Nnyocha miri emi nke usoro microbial nke akụkụ eriri afọ ụfọdụ, karịsịa akụkụ elu dị ka ihe ọkụkụ, nwere ike inye nghọta ọzọ na nhọrọ nke ụfọdụ otu microbial. Ọrụ metabolic na enzymatic ha nwekwara ike ikpebi ma ha nwere mmekọrịta na-emegide nje na-abanye na eriri afọ. Ọ ga-adịkwa mma ịme nyocha metagenomic iji chọpụta ma ikpughe na ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ acidic n'oge ndụ nnụnụ na-ahọrọ maka nje bacteria ndị bi na ya karịa "na-anabata acid", nakwa ma ọnụnọ na/ma ọ bụ ọrụ metabolic nke nje bacteria ndị a ga-anọchi anya ihe mgbochi ọzọ na nhazi nje.
A na-eji Formic acid eme ihe ruo ọtụtụ afọ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ na nri anụmanụ na dịka ihe na-eme ka silage acid sie ike. Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi o ji eme ya bụ ọgwụ nje iji belata ọnụọgụ nje ndị na-efe efe na nri na-esochi ya na akụkụ afọ nke nnụnụ. Ọmụmụ ihe In vitro egosila na formic acid bụ ihe na-egbochi nje bacteria dị irè megide Salmonella na nje ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, ojiji nke formic acid na matrices nri nwere ike ibelata site na oke ihe organic dị na ihe oriri na ikike ha nwere ike ịchekwa. Formic acid yiri ka ọ nwere mmetụta na-emegide Salmonella na nje ndị ọzọ mgbe a na-eri ya site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Agbanyeghị, mmegide a na-emekarị na akụkụ afọ elu, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ibelata mkpokọta formic acid na akụkụ afọ ala, dịka ọ dị na propionic acid. Echiche nke ichebe formic acid site na mkpuchi na-enye ụzọ nwere ike isi nye acid karịa na akụkụ afọ ala. Ọzọkwa, ọmụmụ ihe egosila na ngwakọta nke organic acid dị irè karị n'imeziwanye arụmọrụ anụ ọkụkọ karịa inye otu acid (152). Campylobacter dị na eriri afọ nwere ike ịzaghachi ụdị dị iche iche na formate, ebe ọ nwere ike iji formate dị ka onye na-enye electron, formate bụkwa isi iyi ike ya. O doro anya ma mmụba nke formate na eriri afọ ga-abara Campylobacter uru, nke a nwekwara ike ọ gaghị eme dabere na osisi ndị ọzọ dị na eriri afọ nke nwere ike iji formate dị ka ihe ndabere.
A chọrọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke formic acid nke afọ na-akpata na nje ndị na-abụghị nje ndị bi na afọ. Anyị na-ahọrọ ilekwasị anya n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-enweghị imebi ndị so na microbiome afọ na-akpata nke bara uru nye onye ọbịa. Agbanyeghị, nke a chọrọ nyocha miri emi nke usoro microbiome nke obodo nje ndị a bi na afọ na-akpata. Ọ bụ ezie na ebipụtala ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ihe na cecal microbiome nke nnụnụ ndị a na-agwọ formic acid, a chọrọ nlebara anya karịa na obodo nje bacteria dị n'elu afọ. Ịchọpụta microbiome na ntụnyere nke myirịta dị n'etiti obodo nje bacteria dị n'afọ na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị formic acid nwere ike ịbụ nkọwa zuru oke. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ, gụnyere metabolomics na metagenomics, dị mkpa iji chọpụta ọdịiche ọrụ dị n'etiti otu ndị yiri ya. Nkọwa dị otú ahụ dị oke mkpa iji guzobe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obodo nje bacteria dị n'afọ na nzaghachi arụmọrụ nnụnụ na-enye ndị na-emeziwanye ihe dabere na formic acid. Ijikọta ọtụtụ ụzọ iji kọwaa ọrụ afọ na-akpata nke ọma kwesịrị inye aka ịmepụta atụmatụ mgbakwunye acid organic dị irè karị ma mechaa melite amụma nke ahụike na arụmọrụ nnụnụ kacha mma ebe ọ na-ebelata ihe egwu nchekwa nri.
SR dere nyocha a site n'enyemaka nke DD na KR. Ndị edemede niile tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ọrụ ewepụtara na nyocha a.
Ndị dere akwụkwọ a na-ekwupụta na nyocha a natara ego site n'aka Anitox Corporation iji malite ide na ibipụta nyocha a. Ndị na-enye ego enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla n'echiche na nkwubi okwu e kwupụtara n'isiokwu nyocha a ma ọ bụ na mkpebi ibipụta ya.
Ndị dere akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-ekwupụta na emere nnyocha ahụ n'enweghị mmekọrịta azụmaahịa ma ọ bụ ego ọ bụla nke enwere ike ịkọwa dị ka esemokwu mmasị nwere ike ime.
Dr. DD ga-achọ ikele nkwado sitere na Mahadum Arkansas Graduate School site na otu Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, yana nkwado na-aga n'ihu site na Mahadum Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program na Ngalaba nke Food Sciences. Na mgbakwunye, ndị dere akwụkwọ a ga-achọ ikele Anitox maka nkwado mbụ ha nyere ha n'ide nyocha a.
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