Daalụ maka ịga leta Nature.com. Ụdị ihe nchọgharị ị na-eji nwere nkwado CSS pere mpe. Maka nsonaazụ kacha mma, anyị na-akwado ka ị jiri ụdị ihe nchọgharị gị ọhụrụ (ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ụdị ndakọrịta na Internet Explorer). Ka ọ dị ugbu a, iji hụ na nkwado na-aga n'ihu, anyị na-egosi saịtị ahụ na-enweghị nhazi ma ọ bụ JavaScript.
Mmetọ Cadmium (Cd) nwere ike iyi egwu nye nchekwa nke ịkọ osisi ọgwụ Panax notoginseng na Yunnan. N'okpuru nrụgide Cd nke mpụga, emere nnwale ubi iji ghọta mmetụta nke itinye lime (0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg/h/m2) na ịgbasa foliar na oxalic acid (0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol/L) na mkpokọta Cd na antioxidant. Akụkụ sistemụ na ọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng. Nsonaazụ gosiri na n'okpuru nrụgide Cd, lime na foliar fesa na oxalic acid nwere ike ịbawanye ọdịnaya Ca2+ nke Panax notoginseng ma belata nsí nke Cd2+. Mgbakwunye nke lime na oxalic acid mụbara ọrụ nke enzymes antioxidant ma gbanwee metabolism nke ndị na-achịkwa osmotic. Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ mmụba na ọrụ CAT site na ugboro 2.77. N'okpuru mmetụta nke oxalic acid, ọrụ nke SOD mụbara ruo ugboro 1.78. Ọdịnaya MDA belatara site na 58.38%. E nwere njikọ dị oke mkpa na shuga na-agbaze agbaze, amino acid efu, proline na protein na-agbaze agbaze. Lime na oxalic acid nwere ike ime ka ọdịnaya calcium ion (Ca2+) nke Panax notoginseng dịkwuo elu, belata ọdịnaya Cd, melite iguzogide nrụgide nke Panax notoginseng, ma mụbaa mmepụta nke saponins na flavonoids zuru oke. Ọdịnaya Cd dị ala karịa, 68.57% dị ala karịa njikwa, ma kwekọọ na uru ọkọlọtọ (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Oke SPN bụ 7.73%, ruo ọkwa kachasị elu n'etiti ọgwụgwọ niile, ọdịnaya flavonoid mụbara nke ukwuu site na 21.74%, na-eru ụkpụrụ ahụike ọkọlọtọ na mkpụrụ kacha mma.
Cadmium (Cd) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ala a kụrụ akụ, ọ na-akwaga ngwa ngwa ma nwee nnukwu nsí dị ndụ. El-Shafei na ndị otu ya kọrọ na nsí cadmium na-emetụta ogo na mmepụta nke osisi ndị e ji mee ihe. Oke oke cadmium n'ala a kụrụ akụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China abụrụla ihe siri ike n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Yunnan Province bụ alaeze dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na China, ebe ụdị osisi ọgwụ na-ebute ụzọ na mba ahụ. Agbanyeghị, Yunnan Province bara ụba na akụrụngwa mineral, usoro igwu ala na-edugakwa na mmetọ ígwè dị arọ n'ala, nke na-emetụta mmepụta nke osisi ọgwụ mpaghara.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) bụ osisi ọgwụ ahịhịa dị oke ọnụ ahịa nke sitere na ụdị Panax nke ezinụlọ Araliaceae. Panax notoginseng na-eme ka ọbara na-agagharị nke ọma, na-ewepụ nkwụsị ọbara ma na-ebelata ihe mgbu. Ebe mmepụta bụ isi bụ Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province5. Ihe karịrị 75% nke ala dị na mpaghara Panax notoginseng ginseng mpaghara na-eto na cadmium, ọkwa ya dị iche site na 81% ruo ihe karịrị 100% na mpaghara dị iche iche6. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke Cd na-ebelatakwa mmepụta nke ihe ọgwụ Panax notoginseng nke ukwuu, ọkachasị saponins na flavonoids. Saponins bụ ụdị glycosidic compound nke aglycones bụ triterpenoids ma ọ bụ spirostanes. Ha bụ isi ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China ma nwee saponins. Ụfọdụ saponins nwekwara ọrụ nje bacteria ma ọ bụ ihe omume bayoloji bara uru dịka antipyretic, sedative na anticancer eclipses7. Flavonoids na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ usoro ihe ndị e ji eme ka mgbanaka benzene abụọ nwere otu phenolic hydroxyl jikọtara site na atọm carbon etiti. Isi ihe bụ 2-phenylchromanone 8. Ọ bụ antioxidant siri ike nke nwere ike iwepụ radicals na-enweghị oxygen n'ime osisi nke ọma. Ọ nwekwara ike igbochi ịbanye na enzymes bayọlọji nke mkpali, kwalite ọgwụgwọ ọnya na mbelata ihe mgbu, yana mbelata ọkwa cholesterol. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ na Panax notoginseng. Ọ dị mkpa ngwa ngwa idozi nsogbu nke mmetọ cadmium na ala na mpaghara mmepụta Panax ginseng ma hụ na emepụtara ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ọgwụ ya.
Lime bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ịsacha ala site na mmetọ cadmium10. Ọ na-emetụta mmịpụta na itinye Cd n'ime ala site na ibelata nnweta Cd n'ime ala site na ịbawanye uru pH na ịgbanwe ikike mgbanwe cation ala (CEC), nnu ala (BS) na ikike redox ala (Eh)3, 11. Na mgbakwunye, , lime na-enye nnukwu Ca2+, na-emepụta mmegide ionic na Cd2+, na-asọmpi maka ebe mmịpụta na mgbọrọgwụ, na-egbochi mbufe Cd n'ime ala, ma nwee obere nsí dị ndụ. Mgbe etinyere 50 mmol L-1 Ca n'okpuru nrụgide Cd, a gbochiri mbufe Cd na akwụkwọ sesame ma belata mkpokọta Cd site na 80%. Akọpụtala ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe yiri ya na osikapa (Oryza sativa L.) na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ12,13.
Ịfesa ihe ọkụkụ iji chịkwaa mkpokọta ọla dị arọ bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ijikwa ọla dị arọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ụkpụrụ ya metụtara mmeghachi omume chelation na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi, nke na-eme ka e tinye ọla dị arọ n'elu mgbidi sel ma gbochie nnabata nke ọla dị arọ site na osisi14,15. Dịka ihe na-eme ka diacid chelating sie ike, oxalic acid nwere ike ịgbaze ion metal dị arọ ozugbo na osisi, si otú a belata nsí. Nnyocha egosila na oxalic acid dị na soybean nwere ike ịgbaze Cd2+ ma wepụta kristal nwere Cd site na mkpụrụ ndụ trichome dị elu, na-ebelata ọkwa Cd2+ n'ahụ16. Oxalic acid nwere ike ịchịkwa pH ala, mee ka ọrụ nke superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) na catalase (CAT) dịkwuo mma, ma chịkwaa ntinye nke shuga na-agbaze, protein na-agbaze, amino acid na proline. Ndị na-achịkwa metabolism17,18. Acid na oke Ca2+ n'ime osisi ahụ na-emepụta ihe na-akpalite calcium oxalate n'okpuru ọrụ nke protein nucleating. Ịhazi mkpokọta Ca2+ n'ime osisi nwere ike ime ka oxalic acid na Ca2+ gbazee n'ime osisi nke ọma ma zere oke mkpokọta nke oxalic acid na Ca2+19,20.
Ọnụọgụ lime etinyere bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa na-emetụta mmetụta ndozi ahụ. A chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ lime dị site na 750 ruo 6000 kg/m2. Maka ala acidic nwere pH nke 5.0 ~ 5.5, mmetụta nke itinye lime na dose nke 3000 ~ 6000 kg/h/m2 dị elu karịa na dose nke 750 kg/h/m221. Agbanyeghị, itinye lime gabiga ókè ga-ebute ụfọdụ mmetụta ọjọọ na ala, dị ka mgbanwe dị ukwuu na pH ala na mkpokọta ala22. Ya mere, anyị kọwara ọkwa ọgwụgwọ CaO dị ka 0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg hm-2. Mgbe etinyere oxalic acid na Arabidopsis thaliana, achọpụtara na Ca2+ belatara nke ukwuu na mkpokọta nke 10 mmol L-1, ezinụlọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRT, nke na-emetụta akara Ca2+, zara nke ọma20. Nchịkọta nke ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ihe gara aga nyere anyị aka ịchọpụta mkpokọta nke nnwale a ma mụọkwa mmetụta nke mmekọrịta nke ihe mgbakwunye exogenous na Ca2+ na Cd2+23,24,25. Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe a na-achọ inyocha usoro iwu nke mmiri lime exogenous na akwụkwọ oxalic acid na ọdịnaya Cd na ntachi obi nrụgide nke Panax notoginseng na ala metụtara Cd ma chọpụta ụzọ iji hụ na mma na irè ọgwụ ka mma. Mmepụta Panax notoginseng. Ọ na-enye nduzi bara uru maka ịbawanye oke nke ịkọ osisi herbaceous na ala metụtara cadmium na iru mmepụta dị elu na-adịgide adịgide nke ahịa ọgwụ chọrọ.
Site n'iji ụdị ginseng dị iche iche nke Wenshan Panax notoginseng mee ihe dị ka ihe e ji mee ya, e mere nnwale ubi na Lannizhai, Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province (24°11′N, 104°3′E, elu 1446 m). Okpomọkụ kwa afọ bụ 17°C na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 1250 mm. Ụkpụrụ ndabere nke ala a mụrụ bụ TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, enweghị phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, enweghị potassium 100.37 mg kg-1, ngụkọta cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
Na Disemba 10, 2017, agwakọtara 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) na ọgwụgwọ lime (0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg/h/m2) ma tinye ya n'elu ala n'ime oyi akwa nke 0 ~ 10 cm nke ala ọ bụla. E meghachiri ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ugboro atọ. A na-ahụ ala nnwale ahụ n'enweghị usoro, ala ọ bụla na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 3 m2. A gbụrụ mkpụrụ Panax notoginseng dị otu afọ mgbe ụbọchị iri na ise nke ịkọ ihe ubi gasịrị. Mgbe a na-eji ụgbụ anwụ anwụ, ike ọkụ nke Panax notoginseng n'ime ụgbụ anwụ anwụ bụ ihe dị ka 18% nke ike ọkụ eke nkịtị. A na-akọ ihe dịka usoro ịkọ ihe ọdịnala obodo si dị. Tupu oge ịcha Panax notoginseng na 2019, fesa oxalic acid n'ụdị sodium oxalate. Oke oxalic acid dị na 0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol L-1, n'otu n'otu, e jikwa NaOH gbanwee pH ka ọ bụrụ 5.16 iji mee ka pH nkezi nke mmiri litter leach dị. Fesa elu na ala nke akwụkwọ ahụ otu ugboro n'izu n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ. Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya ugboro anọ n'izu nke ise, a gbutere osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ.
Na Nọvemba 2019, a chịkọtara osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ n'ubi ma fesa ya na oxalic acid. E tinyere ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ nke chọrọ ka a tụọ maka metabolism physiological na ọrụ enzyme n'ime tubes maka ifriizi. , kpọnwụọ ngwa ngwa na nitrogen mmiri wee bufee ya na friji na -80°C. E jiri mmiri ọkpọkọ saa ụfọdụ ihe atụ mgbọrọgwụ a ga-atụ maka Cd na ihe ndị dị n'ime ya n'oge ntozu okè, kpoo ya na 105°C maka nkeji iri atọ, na ibu ya na-adịgide adịgide na 75°C, ma gwakọta ya na moto maka nchekwa.
Tụọ 0.2 g nke ihe nlele osisi kpọrọ nkụ, tinye ya na karama Erlenmeyer, tinye 8 ml HNO3 na 2 ml HClO4 wee kpuchie ya n'abalị. N'echi ya, jiri funnel gbagọrọ agbagọ nke etinyere na karama Erlenmeyer maka mgbaze electrothermal ruo mgbe anwụrụ ọkụ ọcha pụtara na mmiri nri na-agbapụta. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi ruo n'okpomọkụ ụlọ, e bufere ngwakọta ahụ na karama volumetric 10 ml. E ji ihe nlele atom absorption spectrometer chọpụta ọdịnaya Cd (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Tụọ 0.2 g nke ihe nlele osisi kpọrọ nkụ, tinye ya n'ime karama plastik 50 ml, tinye 1 mol L-1 HCL na 10 ml, kpuchie ya ma maa jijiji nke ọma ruo awa 15 wee yochaa ya. Jiri pipette, pịnye ọnụọgụ nzacha achọrọ, gwakọta ya nke ọma ma tinye mmiri SrCl2 iji mee ka ọnụọgụ Sr2+ ruo 1g L-1. Ejiri ihe nlele atom absorption spectrometer tụọ ọdịnaya Ca.
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) na catalase (CAT) usoro ngwa ntụaka (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., ndebanye aha ngwaahịa), jiri ngwa nha kwekọrọ. Nọmba: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (ezigbo) Nọmba 2013 2400147).
Tụọ ihe dị ka 0.05 g nke ihe nlele Panax notoginseng ma tinye ihe na-eme ka mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ tube ahụ. Magharịa tube ahụ ruo sekọnd 2-3 iji gwakọta mmiri ahụ nke ọma. Debe tube ahụ n'elu ihe e ji etinye ihe n'ime tube ka ọ gbawaa agba ruo nkeji 15. Ejiri ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya shuga na-agbaze agbaze na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 620 nm.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ nke Panax notoginseng, ghee ya ka ọ bụrụ homogenate na mmiri 5 ml a gwakọtara agwakọta, wee centrifuge na 10,000 g maka nkeji iri. A gwakọtara ihe dị n'elu ya ruo na olu a kapịrị ọnụ. E jiri usoro Coomassie Brilliant Blue mee ihe. E jiri ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) tụọ ọdịnaya protein na-agbaze agbaze na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 595 nm ma gbakọọ ya dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ nke albumin serum bovine.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ, tinye 5 ml nke 10% acetic acid, ghee ya ka ọ bụrụ homogenate, yochaa ya ma gwakọta ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị. Ejiri mmiri ninhydrin mee ihe iji mepụta agba ahụ. Ejiri UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya amino acid efu na 570 nm ma gbakọọ ya dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ leucine28.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ, tinye 5 ml nke ihe ngwọta sulfosalicylic acid 3%, kpoo ya ọkụ n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ ma maa jijiji ruo nkeji iri. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi, a na-asacha ihe ngwọta ahụ ma weta ya na olu na-agbanwe agbanwe. E jiri usoro agba agba na acid ninhydrin. E ji ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya proline na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 520 nm ma gbakọọ ya dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ proline29.
A chọpụtara ọdịnaya Saponin site na iji chromatography mmiri dị elu na-ezo aka na Pharmacopoeia nke People's Republic of China (mbipụta 2015). Isi ụkpụrụ nke chromatography mmiri dị elu bụ iji mmiri dị elu dị ka usoro mkpanaka ma tinye teknụzụ nkewa nke ultrafine nke chromatography kọlụm dị elu na usoro kwụ ọtọ. Usoro ọrụ bụ dị ka ndị a:
Ọnọdụ HPLC na Nnwale Dabara na Sistemụ (Tebụl 1): Jiri octadecylsilane bound silica gel dị ka ihe na-ejupụta, acetonitrile dị ka usoro mkpanaka A na mmiri dị ka usoro mkpanaka B. Mee elu gradient dịka egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Ogologo oge nchọpụta bụ 203 nm. Dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ R1 nke mkpokọta saponins nke Panax notoginseng si dị, ọnụọgụ nke efere echiche kwesịrị ịbụ opekata mpe 4000.
Nkwadebe nke ngwọta ọkọlọtọ: Tụọ ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 na notoginsenoside R1 nke ọma ma tinye methanol iji kwadebe ngwakọta nwere 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 na 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 kwa 1 ml nke ngwọta.
Nkwadebe maka ihe ngwọta nnwale: Tụọ 0.6 g ntụ Panax ginseng wee tinye 50 ml methanol. A tụbara ihe ngwọta agwakọtara ahụ (W1) ma hapụ ya n'abalị. E wee sie ihe ngwọta agwakọtara ahụ nwayọ nwayọ n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ na okpomọkụ 80°C ruo awa abụọ. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi, tụọ ihe ngwọta agwakọtara ahụ ma tinye methanol a kwadebere na oke mbụ W1. Mgbe ahụ, maa jijiji nke ọma ma sachaa ya. A na-ahapụ ihe nzacha ahụ maka nyocha.
Gbakọta 10 μL nke ihe ngwọta ọkọlọtọ na 10 μL nke ihe nzacha ahụ wee gbanye ha n'ime chromatograph mmiri dị elu (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) iji chọpụta ọdịnaya saponin 24.
Usoro ọkọlọtọ: nha nke ngwọta ọkọlọtọ agwakọtara nke Rg1, Rb1 na R1. Ọnọdụ Chromatography bụ otu ihe ahụ dị n'elu. Gbakọọ usoro ọkọlọtọ site na ịkọ mpaghara elu a tụrụ na axis y na ntinye nke saponin na ngwọta ọkọlọtọ na axis x. Enwere ike ịgbakọ ntinye nke saponin site na itinye mpaghara elu a tụrụ nke ihe nlele ahụ na usoro ọkọlọtọ.
Tụọ 0.1 g nke ihe nlele P. notogensings wee tinye 50 ml nke 70% CH3OH solution. Emere mwepụta ultrasonic ruo awa abụọ, wee soro ya centrifugation na 4000 rpm maka nkeji iri. Were 1 ml nke supernatant wee gwakọta ya ugboro iri na abụọ. E ji ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya flavonoid na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 249 nm. Quercetin bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị8.
E ji ngwanrọ Excel 2010 hazie data. E jiri ngwanrọ ọnụọgụgụ SPSS 20 mee nyocha nke ọdịiche dị na data ahụ. E sere foto site na iji Origin Pro 9.1. Ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ agbakọrọ gụnyere nkezi ± SD. Nkwupụta nke mkpa ọnụọgụgụ dabere na P < 0.05.
N'otu mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbara n'akwụkwọ, ọdịnaya Ca dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng mụbara nke ukwuu ka ọnụọgụ lime etinyere mụbara (Tebụl 2). Ma e jiri ya tụnyere enweghị lime, ọdịnaya Ca mụbara site na 212% mgbe etinyere 3750 kg/h/m2 nke lime na-enweghị ịgbasa oxalic acid. Maka otu ọnụọgụ lime etinyere, ọdịnaya Ca mụbara ntakịrị ka ọnụọgụ nke ọgwụ oxalic acid mụbara.
Ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ sitere na 0.22 ruo 0.70 mg kg-1. N'otu oge ahụ, ka ọnụọgụgụ nke oxalic acid na-abawanye, ọdịnaya Cd nke 2250 kg/h na-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa ahụ, ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ belatara site na 68.57% mgbe e fesasịrị ya na 2250 kg hm-2 lime na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Mgbe etinyere limeless na 750 kg/h nke lime, ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng belatara nke ukwuu ka mmụba nke ọgwụ oxalic acid fesa na-abawanye. Mgbe etinyere lime 2250 kg/m2 na 3750 kg/m2 lime, ọdịnaya Cd mgbọrọgwụ belatara nke mbụ wee mụbaa ka mmụba nke acid oxalic na-abawanye. Tinyere nke a, nyocha bivariate gosiri na lime nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnaya Ca nke mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), lime nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnaya Cd na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), na oxalic acid. acid (F = 7.72*).
Ka ọnụọgụ lime a gbanyere na mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbanyere agbawa na-abawanye, ọdịnaya MDA belatara nke ukwuu. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya MDA na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng na-enweghị mgbakwunye lime na mgbakwunye nke 3750 kg/m2 nke lime. Mgbe a na-etinye ya na 750 kg/h/m2 na 2250 kg/h/m2, ọdịnaya lime nke ọgwụgwọ ịgba oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L belatara site na 58.38% na 40.21%, n'otu n'otu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere enweghị ọgwụgwọ ịgba oxalic acid. A hụrụ ọdịnaya MDA kacha ala (7.57 nmol g-1) mgbe a na-agba 750 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Foto 1).
Mmetụta nke ịgbasa foliar na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya malondialdehyde na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium. Rịba ama: Akụkọ ifo dị na eserese ahụ na-egosi mkpokọta oxalic acid na ịgbasa (mol L-1), mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọgwụgwọ nke otu ntinye lime. nọmba (P < 0.05). Otu ihe ahụ dị n'okpuru.
E wezụga itinye lime 3750 kg/h, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng. Mgbe etinyere 0, 750 na 2250 kg/h/m2 nke lime, ọrụ SOD mgbe ejiri oxalic acid gwọọ ya na mkpokọta 0.2 mol/l dị elu karịa na-ejighị oxalic acid, na-amụba site na 177.89%, 61.62% na 45.08% n'otu n'otu. Ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ (598.18 U g-1) kachasị elu na-enweghị itinye lime na mgbe ejiri oxalic acid gwọọ ya na mkpokọta 0.2 mol/l. Mgbe a fesara oxalic acid n'otu mkpokọta ma ọ bụ 0.1 mol L-1, ọrụ SOD mụbara ka etinyere lime na-abawanye. Mgbe a fesachara ya na 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, ọrụ SOD belatara nke ukwuu (Foto 2).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọrụ nke superoxide dismutase, peroxidase na catalase na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium
Dịka ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ, ọrụ POD na mgbọrọgwụ e ji gwọọ na-enweghị lime ma fesa ya na 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid bụ nke kachasị elu (63.33 µmol g-1), nke dị 148.35% karịa njikwa (25.50 µmol g-1). Site na mmụba nke oke ịgbasa oxalic acid na ọgwụgwọ lime 3750 kg/m2, ọrụ POD buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ e ji 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ọrụ POD mgbe e ji 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid gwọọ ya belatara site na 36.31% (Foto 2).
E wezụga ịgbasa 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid na itinye 2250 kg/h/m2 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ọrụ CAT dị elu karịa njikwa ahụ. Mgbe a na-agba 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid na itinye 0.2250 kg/m2 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ọrụ CAT mụbara site na 276.08%, 276.69% na 33.05%, n'otu n'otu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ịgbasa oxalic acid. Ọrụ CAT na mgbọrọgwụ dị elu (803.52 μmol/g) na ọgwụgwọ no-lime na na ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L. Ọrụ CAT bụ nke kacha ala (172.88 μmol/g) mgbe ejiri 3750 kg/h/m nke lime na 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid gwọọ ya (Foto 2).
Nnyocha Bivariate gosiri na ọrụ CAT na ọrụ MDA nke mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ oxalic acid ma ọ bụ lime a gbasasịrị na ọgwụgwọ abụọ ahụ (Tebụl 3). Ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọgwụgwọ lime na oxalic acid ma ọ bụ mkpokọta ọgwụ oxalic acid. Ọrụ POD mgbọrọgwụ dabere nke ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime etinyere ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ lime na oxalic acid.
Ọdịnaya shuga a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka a na-etinye lime na oke mmiri oxalic acid fesa. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime shuga a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng na-enweghị mmiri oxalic na mgbe a na-etinye lime 750 kg/h/m2. Mgbe a na-etinye lime 2250 kg/m2, shuga a na-agbaze mgbe a na-eji 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid gwọọ ya dị elu karịa nke a na-agbaze n'enweghị mmiri oxalic acid, nke na-amụba site na 22.81%. Mgbe a na-etinye lime 3750 kg h/m2, shuga a na-agbaze belatara nke ukwuu ka ọnụọgụ oxalic acid a na-agbaze mụbara. Ọdịnaya shuga a na-agbaze mgbe a na-eji 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid gwọọ ya belatara site na 38.77% ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke a na-agbazeghị oxalic acid. Tinyere nke ahụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri oxalic acid nke 0.2 mol·L-1 nwere shuga kachasị ala nke a na-agbaze, nke bụ 205.80 mg·g-1 (Foto nke 3).
Mmetụta nke ịgbasa foliar na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya nke shuga zuru oke na protein a na-agbaze na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium
Ọkwa protein a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka a na-etinye lime na ọgwụgwọ ịgbaze oxalic acid. Na-etinyeghị lime, ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze mgbe a na-agwọ ya na ọgwụ oxalic acid na mkpokọta 0.2 mol L-1 belatara nke ukwuu site na 16.20% ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa ahụ. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng mgbe a na-etinye lime 750 kg/h. N'okpuru ọnọdụ itinye ya na 2250 kg/h/m nke lime, ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze n'ime ọgwụ oxalic acid 0.2 mol/L dị elu karịa nke ọgwụgwọ ịgbaze acid na-abụghị oxalic acid (35.11%). Mgbe etinyere 3750 kg·h/m2 nke lime, ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze n'ime ọgwụ belatara nke ukwuu ka ntinye mmiri oxalic acid mụbara, yana ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze n'ime ọgwụ kacha ala (269.84 μg·g-1) mgbe ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid bụ 0.2 mol·L-1 (Foto 3).
Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime ọdịnaya amino acid efu dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'enweghị itinye lime. Ka oke mmiri nke oxalic acid mụbara ma tinye 750 kg/h/m2 nke lime, ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu belatara nke ukwuu wee mụbaa. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ịgba oxalic acid, ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu mụbara nke ukwuu site na 33.58% mgbe a na-agba 2250 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu belatara nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke oke mmiri nke oxalic acid na mgbakwunye nke 3750 kg/m2 nke lime. Ọdịnaya amino acid efu nke ọgwụgwọ ịgba oxalic acid 0.2 mol L-1 belatara site na 49.76% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ ịgba oxalic acid na-abụghị oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya amino acid efu kachasị elu na-enweghị mmiri oxalic acid ma bụrụ 2.09 mg g-1. Ọgwụgwọ ịgba oxalic acid nke 0.2 mol/L nwere amino acid kacha nta n'efu (1.05 mg/g) (Foto 4).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya nke amino acid na proline n'efu na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide cadmium
Ọdịnaya proline dị na mgbọrọgwụ ahụ belatara ka ọnụọgụ lime etinyere na oke ịgbasa ya na oke ịgbasa ya na oxalic acid. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya proline nke mgbọrọgwụ ginseng Panax mgbe a naghị etinye lime. Ka ọnụọgụ oxalic acid na-abawanye ma itinye 750 ma ọ bụ 2250 kg/m2 nke lime na-abawanye, ọdịnaya proline na-ebu ụzọ belata wee mụbaa. Ọdịnaya proline nke ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid dị elu karịa nke ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, na-amụba site na 19.52% na 44.33%, n'otu n'otu. Mgbe etinyere 3750 kg/m2 nke lime, ọdịnaya proline belatara nke ukwuu ka ọnụọgụ oxalic acid a gbanyere agbawa mụbara. Mgbe a fesasịrị 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya proline belatara site na 54.68% ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke na-agbasaghị oxalic acid. Ọkwa proline kacha ala bụ mgbe ejiri 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid gwọọ ya, ọ bụkwa 11.37 μg/g (Foto 4).
Ngụkọta saponin dị na Panax notoginseng bụ Rg1>Rb1>R1. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya nke saponins atọ ahụ ebe mmụba nke oke oxalic acid fesa na ntinye ya na-enweghị itinye lime (Tebụl 4).
Ọdịnaya R1 mgbe a gbasasịrị 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid dị obere nke ukwuu karịa na-agbaghị oxalic acid ma tinye lime dose nke 750 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg/m2. Na mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbasasịrị nke 0 ma ọ bụ 0.1 mol/L, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya R1 yana mmụba nke lime agbakwunyere. Na mkpokọta spray nke 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, ọdịnaya R1 na 3750 kg/h/m2 nke lime dị obere karịa 43.84% na-etinyeghị lime (Tebụl 4).
Ka oke mmiri nke oxalic acid mụbara ma tinye 750 kg/m2 nke lime, oke mmiri nke Rg1 buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Mgbe a na-etinye lime n'ime ya nke 2250 na 3750 kg/h, oke mmiri nke Rg1 belatara ka oke mmiri nke oxalic acid mụbara. N'otu oke mmiri nke oxalic acid a gbanyere agbawa, ka oke mmiri nke lime na-abawanye, oke mmiri nke Rg1 na-ebu ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke mmiri nke Rg1, ewezuga oke mmiri nke oxalic acid atọ na 750 kg/m2 lime, nke dị elu karịa oke mmiri nke Rg1, oke mmiri nke Panax notoginseng mgbọrọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị ala karịa oke mmiri nke lime. Ọdịnaya kachasị nke Rg1 bụ mgbe a na-efesa 750 kg/h/m2 nke lime na 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid, nke dị elu karịa 11.54% karịa oke mmiri nke lime (Tebụl 4).
Ka oke mmiri nke oxalic acid na oke lime etinyere na-abawanye na ọsọ mmiri nke 2250 kg/h, oke mmiri nke Rb1 buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Mgbe a gbasasịrị 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, oke mmiri nke Rb1 ruru uru kachasị nke 3.46%, nke dị elu karịa 74.75% karịa na-agbaghị oxalic acid. Maka ọgwụgwọ lime ndị ọzọ, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oke mmiri nke oxalic acid dị iche iche. Mgbe a gbasasịrị 0.1 na 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ka oke mmiri nke lime na-abawanye, oke mmiri nke Rb1 belatara wee belata (Tebụl 4).
N'otu oge ahụ, ka ọnụọgụgụ lime a gbanyere na-abawanye, ọnụọgụgụ flavonoids buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Achọpụtaghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime ọdịnaya flavonoids mgbe a na-agbaze ọtụtụ oxalic acid na-enweghị lime na 3750 kg/m2 nke lime. Mgbe a na-agbakwunye 750 na 2250 kg/m2 nke lime, ka ọnụọgụgụ oxalic acid a gbanyere na-abawanye, ọnụọgụgụ flavonoids buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata. Mgbe a na-etinye 750 kg/m2 ma na-agbaze oxalic acid na mkpokọta 0.1 mol/l, ọdịnaya flavonoids kachasị - 4.38 mg/g, nke dị 18.38% karịa mgbe a na-agbakwunye otu ọnụọgụgụ lime ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ịgbaze oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke flavonoids mgbe a na-agwọ ya na 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray mụbara site na 21.74% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị oxalic acid na ọgwụgwọ na lime na dose nke 2250 kg/m2 (Foto 5).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalate na ọdịnaya nke flavonoids na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium
Nnyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ abụọ gosiri na shuga a na-agbaze agbaze nke mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng dabere nke ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime etinyere na mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbara. Ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze agbaze na mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime na oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid na proline efu dị na mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime etinyere, ntinye nke ịgba oxalic acid, lime na oxalic acid (Tebụl 5).
Ọdịnaya R1 dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng dabere nke ukwuu na mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbanyere agbaze, ọnụọgụ lime, lime na oxalic acid etinyere. Ọdịnaya nke flavonoids dabere nke ukwuu na mkpokọta nke oxalic acid spray na ọnụọgụ lime agbakwunyere.
E jirila ọtụtụ mgbanwe iji belata ọkwa cadmium n'ime osisi site n'ịdozi cadmium n'ime ala, dịka lime na oxalic acid30. A na-eji lime eme ihe dị ka mgbanwe ala iji belata ọkwa cadmium n'ihe ubi31. Liang et al. 32 kọrọ na enwere ike iji oxalic acid dozie ala e merụrụ emerụ site na ígwè dị arọ. Mgbe etinyere ọkwa dị iche iche nke oxalic acid na ala ruru unyi, ọdịnaya ihe organic nke ala mụbara, ikike mgbanwe cation belatara, pH mụbara33. Oxalic acid nwekwara ike imeghachi omume na ion ígwè dị n'ime ala. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide Cd, ọdịnaya Cd dị na Panax notoginseng mụbara nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ejiri lime, ọ na-ebelata nke ukwuu. Mgbe etinyere 750 kg/h/m nke lime na ọmụmụ ihe a, ọdịnaya Cd nke mgbọrọgwụ ruru ọkọlọtọ mba (oke Cd bụ Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), mmetụta ya dịkwa mma. . A na-enweta mmetụta kachasị mma site na itinye 2250 kg/m2 nke lime. Mgbakwunye lime na-emepụta ọtụtụ ebe asọmpi maka Ca2+ na Cd2+ n'ime ala, mgbakwunye nke oxalic acid na-ebelata ọdịnaya Cd na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng. Mgbe agwakọtara lime na oxalic acid, ọdịnaya Cd nke mgbọrọgwụ Panax ginseng belatara nke ukwuu ma ruo ọkọlọtọ mba. A na-etinye Ca2+ n'ime ala na elu mgbọrọgwụ site na usoro mmiri oke ma nwee ike ịmịnye ya na mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ site na ọwa calcium (ọwa Ca2+), ọkpọkọ calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) na ndị na-egbochi Ca2+/H+, wee bufee ya n'usoro. na mgbọrọgwụ. Xylem23. E nwere njikọ na-adịghị mma dị ukwuu n'etiti ọdịnaya Ca na Cd na mgbọrọgwụ (P < 0.05). Ọdịnaya Cd belatara ka ọdịnaya Ca na-abawanye, nke kwekọrọ na echiche nke mmegide n'etiti Ca na Cd. ANOVA gosiri na ọnụọgụ lime nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnaya Ca na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng. Pongrack na ndị otu ya 35 kọrọ na Cd na-ejikọ na oxalate na kristal calcium oxalate ma na-asọmpi na Ca. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta nchịkwa nke oxalic acid na Ca enweghị ihe dị mkpa. Nke a na-egosi na mmiri ozuzo nke calcium oxalate sitere na oxalic acid na Ca2+ abụghị mmiri ozuzo dị mfe, usoro coprecipitation nwere ike ijikwa site na ọtụtụ ụzọ metabolic.
N'okpuru nrụgide cadmium, a na-emepụta nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS) n'ime osisi, na-emebi nhazi nke membranes cell36. Enwere ike iji ọdịnaya Malondialdehyde (MDA) dị ka ihe ngosi iji chọpụta ọkwa ROS na oke mmebi nke membrane plasma nke osisi37. Sistemụ antioxidant bụ usoro nchebe dị mkpa maka iwepụ ụdị oxygen reactive38. Ọrụ nke enzymes antioxidant (gụnyere POD, SOD, na CAT) na-agbanwekarị site na nrụgide cadmium. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọdịnaya MDA nwere njikọ dị mma na mkpokọta Cd, na-egosi na oke nke membrane osisi lipid peroxidation amụbawanye ka mmụba nke mkpokọta Cd37. Nke a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ nke Ouyang et al.39. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na ọdịnaya MDA nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na lime, oxalic acid, lime na oxalic acid. Mgbe e mechara njupụta nke 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya MDA nke Panax notoginseng belatara, na-egosi na oxalic acid nwere ike ibelata bioavailability nke ọkwa Cd na ROS na Panax notoginseng. Sistemụ enzyme antioxidant bụ ebe ọrụ nrụpụ ihe mkpofu osisi na-eme. SOD na-ewepụ O2 dị na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi ma na-emepụta O2 na-adịghị egbu egbu na H2O2 dị obere. POD na CAT na-ewepụ H2O2 na anụ ahụ osisi ma na-eme ka mmebi nke H2O2 banye na H2O. Dabere na nyocha proteome iTRAQ, achọpụtara na ọkwa ngosipụta protein nke SOD na PAL belatara ma ọkwa ngosipụta nke POD mụbara mgbe etinyere lime n'okpuru nrụgide Cd40. Ọrụ nke CAT, SOD na POD na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng metụtara nke ukwuu site na ojiji nke oxalic acid na lime. Ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa site na iji 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid mụbara ọrụ nke SOD na CAT nke ukwuu, mana mmetụta nchịkwa na ọrụ POD apụtaghị ìhè. Nke a na-egosi na oxalic acid na-eme ka mmebi nke ROS dị ngwa ngwa n'okpuru nrụgide Cd ma na-emecha mwepụ nke H2O2 site na ịchịkwa ọrụ nke CAT, nke yiri nsonaazụ nyocha nke Guo et al.41 na enzymes antioxidant nke Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos.). Mmetụta nke itinye 750 kg/h/m2 nke lime na ọrụ nke enzymes nke sistemụ antioxidant na ọdịnaya nke malondialdehyde yiri mmetụta nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa oxalic acid nwere ike ime ka ọrụ nke SOD na CAT dịkwuo mma na Panax notoginseng ma melite iguzogide nrụgide nke Panax notoginseng. E belatara ọrụ SOD na POD site na ọgwụgwọ 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid na 3750 kg hm-2 lime, nke na-egosi na ịgba oke oke nke oke oxalic acid na Ca2+ nwere ike ibute nrụgide osisi, nke kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ Luo na ndị ọzọ. Chere 42.