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Mmetọ Cadmium (Cd) na-eyi egwu ịkọ osisi ọgwụ Panax notoginseng na Yunnan Province. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide Cd nke mpụga, emere nnwale ubi iji ghọta mmetụta nke itinye lime (0.750, 2250 na 3750 kg bm-2) na ịgba oxalic acid (0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1) na mkpokọta Cd. na mmetụta antioxidant Ihe ndị mejupụtara sistemu na ọgwụ na-emetụta Panax notoginseng. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ịgba quicklime na foliar na oxalic acid nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa Ca2+ na Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide Cd ma belata nsí Cd2+. Mgbakwunye nke lime na oxalic acid mụbara ọrụ nke enzymes antioxidant ma gbanwee metabolism nke osmoregulators. Ọrụ CAT mụbara nke ukwuu, na-amụba ugboro 2.77. Ọrụ kachasị elu nke SOD mụbara site na ugboro 1.78 mgbe ejiri oxalic acid gwọọ ya. Ọdịnaya nke MDA belatara site na 58.38%. Enwere njikọ dị oke mkpa na shuga a na-agbaze agbaze, amino acid efu, proline, na protein a na-agbaze agbaze. Lime na oxalic acid nwere ike ime ka calcium ion (Ca2+) dịkwuo elu, belata Cd, melite ndidi nrụgide na Panax notoginseng, ma mụbaa mkpokọta saponins na flavonoid mmepụta. Ọdịnaya nke Cd bụ nke kacha ala, 68.57% dị ala karịa na njikwa ahụ, nke kwekọrọ na uru ọkọlọtọ (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Oke nke SPN bụ 7.73%, nke ruru ọkwa kachasị elu nke ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla, ọdịnaya nke flavonoids mụbara nke ukwuu site na 21.74%, ruo uru ọkọlọtọ ọgwụ na mkpụrụ kacha mma.
Cadmium (Cd), dịka ihe na-emerụ emerụ n'ala a na-akọ, na-akwaga ngwa ngwa ma nwee nnukwu nsí dị ndụ1. El Shafei et al. 2 kọrọ na nsí Cd na-emetụta ogo na mmepụta nke osisi ndị e ji mee ihe. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe na-eme ka cadmium gabiga ókè dị n'ala nke ala a kụrụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China adịla njọ nke ukwuu. Yunnan Province bụ Alaeze Biodiversity nke China, nke ụdị osisi ọgwụ na-ebute ụzọ na mba ahụ. Agbanyeghị, akụ bara ụba nke mineral nke Yunnan Province na-eduga n'itinye nnukwu ígwè n'ala n'oge usoro igwu ala, nke na-emetụta mmepụta nke osisi ọgwụ mpaghara.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 bụ osisi ọgwụ ahịhịa bara uru nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng na-akwalite mgbasa ọbara, na-ewepụ nsogbu ọbara ma na-ebelata ihe mgbu. Ebe a na-emepụta ihe bụ isi bụ Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Mmetọ Cd dị na ihe karịrị 75% nke ala dị na mpaghara a na-akụ Panax notoginseng ma gafere 81-100% n'ebe dị iche iche6. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke Cd na-ebelatakwa mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị na ọgwụ Panax notoginseng nke ukwuu, ọkachasị saponins na flavonoids. Saponins bụ otu n'ime aglycones, nke aglycones bụ triterpenoids ma ọ bụ spirosteranes, nke bụ isi ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahịhịa ndị China ma nwee saponins. Ụfọdụ saponins nwekwara ọrụ bayoloji bara uru dịka ọrụ nje bacteria, ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi, na ọgwụ mgbochi kansa7. Flavonoids na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ usoro ihe ndị e ji eme ka mgbanaka benzene abụọ nwere otu phenolic hydroxyl jikọtara site na atọm carbon etiti, isi ihe bụ 2-phenylchromanone 8. Ọ bụ antioxidant siri ike, nke nwere ike iwepụ radicals na-enweghị oxygen n'ime osisi nke ọma, gbochie mmịpụta nke enzymes bayọlọji na-akpata mbufụt, kwalite ọgwụgwọ ọnya na mbelata ihe mgbu, yana mbelata ọkwa cholesterol. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ na Panax Ginseng. Idozi nsogbu nke mmetọ ala na cadmium na mpaghara mmepụta nke Panax notoginseng bụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa iji hụ na mmepụta nke ihe ndị bụ isi na-agwọ ya.
Lime bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị edozi mmetọ ala cadmium na ebe ọ dị. Ọ na-emetụta mmịpụta na itinye Cd n'ime ala ma na-ebelata ọrụ ndu nke Cd n'ime ala site n'ịbawanye pH na ịgbanwe ikike mgbanwe cation ala (CEC), saturation nnu ala (BS), arụmọrụ redox ala (Eh)3,11. . Na mgbakwunye, lime na-enye nnukwu Ca2+, nke na-emepụta mmegide ionic na Cd2+, na-asọmpi maka ebe mmịpụta mgbọrọgwụ, na-egbochi mbufe Cd gaa na ome, ma nwee obere nsí bayoloji. Site na mgbakwunye nke 50 mmol l-1 Ca n'okpuru nrụgide Cd, a gbochiri mbufe Cd na akwụkwọ sesame ma belata mkpokọta Cd site na 80%. Akọọla ọtụtụ ọmụmụ metụtara ya na osikapa (Oryza sativa L.) na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ12,13.
Ịfesa akwụkwọ ihe ubi iji chịkwaa mkpokọta ọla dị arọ bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ isi lụso ọgụ megide nnukwu ọla dị arọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ụkpụrụ a metụtara mmeghachi omume chelation na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi, nke na-eme ka ọla dị arọ daa na mgbidi sel ma na-egbochi nnabata nke nnukwu ọla site na osisi14,15. Dịka ihe na-eme ka dicarboxylic acid chelating sie ike, oxalic acid nwere ike ịgbaze ion ígwè dị arọ ozugbo na osisi, si otú a belata nsí. Ọmụmụ ihe egosila na oxalic acid dị na soybean nwere ike ịgbaze Cd2+ ma wepụta kristal nwere Cd site na mkpụrụ ndụ trichome apical, na-ebelata ọkwa Cd2+ ahụ16. Oxalic acid nwere ike ịchịkwa pH ala, mụbaa ọrụ superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), na catalase (CAT), ma chịkwaa ịbanye n'ime shuga na-agbaze, protein na-agbaze, amino acid n'efu, na proline. Ihe ndị na-eme ka metabolism dị nro 17,18. Ihe ndị na-eme ka acid dị nro na oke Ca2+ na osisi oxalate na-emepụta calcium oxalate precipitates n'okpuru ọrụ nke protein germ. Nhazi nke mkpokọta Ca2+ n'ime osisi nwere ike ịchịkwa acid oxalic agbazere agbaze na Ca2+ n'ime osisi nke ọma ma zere oke mkpokọta nke oxalic acid na Ca2+19,20.
Ọnụọgụ lime etinyere bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa na-emetụta mmetụta nke mweghachi ahụ. A chọpụtala na oriri lime sitere na 750 ruo 6000 kg·h·m−2. Maka ala acidic nwere pH 5.0-5.5, mmetụta nke itinye lime na dose nke 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 dị elu karịa na dose nke 750 kg·h·m-221. Agbanyeghị, itinye lime gabigara ókè ga-akpata ụfọdụ mmetụta ọjọọ na ala, dị ka nnukwu mgbanwe na pH ala na mkpokọta ala22. Ya mere, anyị setịpụrụ ọkwa ọgwụgwọ CaO dị ka 0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg·h·m−2. Mgbe etinyere oxalic acid na Arabidopsis, achọpụtara na Ca2+ belatara nke ukwuu na 10 mM L-1, ezinụlọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRT na-emetụta Ca2+ na-aza nke ọma20. Nchikọta nke ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ihe gara aga nyere anyị aka ịchọpụta mkpokọta nke nnwale a ma gaa n'ihu na-amụ mmekọrịta nke ihe mgbakwunye mpụga na Ca2+ na Cd2+23,24,25. Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe a na-achọ inyocha usoro nchịkwa nke mmetụta nke itinye lime n'elu na ịgbasa oxalic acid na ọdịnaya Cd na ntachi obi nrụgide nke Panax notoginseng na ala ndị metụtara Cd, yana inyocha ụzọ na ụzọ kachasị mma isi nweta ogo ọgwụ. nkwa. Pụọ na Panax notoginseng. Ọ na-enye ozi bara uru iji duzie mmụba nke ịkọ ahịhịa na ala ndị metụtara cadmium na inye mmepụta dị elu, nke na-adịgide adịgide iji gboo mkpa ahịa maka ọgwụ.
Site n'iji ụdị ala Wenshan notoginseng dị n'ógbè ahụ mee ihe, e mere nnwale ubi na Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, elu 1446m), Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Okpomọkụ kwa afọ bụ 17°C na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 1250 mm. Ụkpụrụ ndabere nke ala a mụrụ: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, P 18.55 mg kg-1 dị irè, dị K 100.37 mg kg-1, mkpokọta Cd 0.3 mg kg-1 na pH 5.4.
Na Disemba 10, etinyere 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) na lime (0.750, 2250 na 3750 kg h m-2) ma gwakọta ya na ala dị n'elu 0–10 cm n'ala ọ bụla, 2017. E meghachiri ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ugboro atọ. E tinyere ala nnwale ahụ n'enweghị usoro, mpaghara nke ala ọ bụla bụ 3 m2. A kụnyere mkpụrụ Panax notoginseng dị otu afọ mgbe ụbọchị iri na ise nke ịkọ ihe n'ala gasịrị. Mgbe a na-eji ụgbụ ndo, ike ọkụ nke Panax notoginseng na mkpuchi ndo bụ ihe dị ka 18% nke ike ọkụ eke nkịtị. Na-eto dịka usoro uto ọdịnala mpaghara si dị. Mgbe oge ntozu nke Panax notoginseng na 2019, a ga-efesa oxalic acid dị ka sodium oxalate. Oke oxalic acid dị bụ 0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1, n'otu n'otu, e mekwara pH ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 5.16 na NaOH iji mee ka pH nkezi nke ihe ndị ahụ na-asọpụta. Fesa elu na ala nke akwụkwọ ahụ otu ugboro n'izu n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ. Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya ugboro anọ, a gbụrụ osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ n'izu nke ise.
Na Nọvemba 2019, a chịkọtara osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ nke ejiri oxalic acid gwọọ n'ubi ahụ. E tinyere ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke osisi Panax notoginseng dị afọ atọ nke a ga-anwale maka metabolism physiological na ọrụ enzymatic n'ime tube friza, kpọnwụọ ngwa ngwa na nitrogen mmiri mmiri, wee bufee ya na friji na -80°C. A ga-achọpụta akụkụ nke ọkwa tozuru okè na ihe nlele mgbọrọgwụ maka Cd na ọdịnaya nke ihe mejupụtara ahụ. Mgbe ịsachara ya na mmiri ọkpọkọ, kpọọ nkụ na 105°C maka nkeji 30, jide oke ahụ na 75°C ma ghee ihe nlele ahụ na ngwa agha. debe.
Tụọ 0.2 g nke ihe atụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ n'ime karama Erlenmeyer, tinye 8 ml HNO3 na 2 ml HClO4 ma tinye ihe mgbochi n'abalị. N'echi ya, a na-etinye funnel nwere olu gbagọrọ agbagọ n'ime karama triangle maka ire ere electrothermal ruo mgbe anwụrụ ọkụ ọcha pụtara ma mmiri ire ere ahụ pụta ìhè. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi ruo n'okpomọkụ ụlọ, a na-ebufe ngwakọta ahụ n'ime karama volumetric 10 ml. A chọpụtara ọdịnaya Cd na spectrometer atom absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Tụọ 0.2 g nke ihe atụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ n'ime karama plastik 50 ml, tinye 10 ml nke 1 mol l-1 HCL, mechie ma maa jijiji ruo awa 15 wee yochaa ya. Jiri pipette, dọpụta ọnụọgụ filtrate achọrọ maka mgbaze kwesịrị ekwesị wee tinye ngwọta SrCl2 iji mee ka ọnụọgụ Sr2+ ruo 1 g L–1. Ejiri ihe nlele atom absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA) chọpụta ọdịnaya Ca.
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), na usoro ngwa ntụaka catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., nọmba ndebanye aha ngwaahịa), jiri ngwa nha kwekọrọ Nọmba: Jingyaodianji (quasi) okwu 2013 Nke 2400147).
Tụọ 0.05 g nke ihe nlele Panax notoginseng ma tinye ihe na-eme ka a na-akpọ anthrone-sulfuric acid dị n'akụkụ tube ahụ. Magharịa tube ahụ ruo sekọnd 2-3 iji gwakọta mmiri mmiri ahụ nke ọma. Debe tube ahụ n'elu ihe nlele tube ahụ maka nkeji 15. Ejiri UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya nke shuga na-agbaze na mmiri na-agbaze na ebili mmiri nke 620 nm.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ nke Panax notoginseng, ghee ya ka ọ bụrụ homogenate na 5 ml nke mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta ma centrifuge na 10,000 g maka nkeji iri. Gwakọta ihe dị n'elu ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị nhata. Ejiri usoro Coomassie Brilliant Blue mee ihe. Ejiri spectrophotometry chọpụta ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze na ultraviolet na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya nke spectrum (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 595 nm ma gbakọọ ya site na usoro ọkọlọtọ nke albumin serum bovine.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ, tinye 5 ml 10% acetic acid iji gwerie ma mee ka ọ dị ka otu, yochaa ma gwakọta ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị. Usoro Chromogenic site na iji ngwọta ninhydrin. Ejiri ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu na ogologo 570 nm ma gbakọọ ya site na usoro leucine ọkọlọtọ.
Tụọ 0.5 g nke ihe nlele ọhụrụ, tinye 5 ml nke ihe ngwọta sulfosalicylic acid 3%, kpoo ya ọkụ n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ ma maa jijiji ruo nkeji iri. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi, a na-asacha ya ma gwakọta ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-agbanwe agbanwe. E jiri usoro chromogenic acid ninhydrin mee ihe. E ji UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya proline na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 520 nm ma gbakọọ ya site na usoro ọkọlọtọ proline.
A chọpụtara ọdịnaya nke saponins site na iji usoro mmiri arụmọrụ dị elu (HPLC) dịka Pharmacopoeia nke People's Republic of China (mbipụta 2015) si dị. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke HPLC bụ iji mmiri nrụgide dị elu dị ka usoro mkpanaka na itinye teknụzụ nkewa dị irè nke ukwuu na kọlụm usoro kwụ ọtọ maka ihe ndị dị nro. Nkà ọrụ bụ ndị a:
Ọnọdụ HPLC na ule dabara adaba na sistemụ (Tebụl 1): Emere mmịpụta gradient dịka tebụl na-esote si dị, site na iji silica gel ejiri octadecylsilane kee ya dị ka ihe na-ejupụta, acetonitrile dị ka nkebi mkpanaka A, mmiri dị ka nkebi mkpanaka B, na ogologo oge nchọpụta bụ 203 nm. Ọnụọgụ iko echiche agbakọrọ site na elu R1 nke Panax notoginseng saponins kwesịrị ịbụ opekata mpe 4000.
Nkwadebe nke ngwọta ntụaka: Tụọ ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 na notoginsenosides R1 nke ọma, tinye methanol iji nweta ngwakọta nke 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 na 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 kwa ml.
Nkwadebe maka ngwọta nnwale: Tụọ 0.6 g nke ntụ Sanxin ma tinye 50 ml nke methanol. A tụbara ngwakọta ahụ (W1) ma hapụ ya n'abalị. E wee sie ngwakọta ahụ ntakịrị n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ na okpomọkụ 80°C. ruo awa abụọ. Mgbe ọ jụrụ oyi, tụọ ngwakọta ahụ ma tinye methanol nke si na ya pụta na oke mbụ nke W1. Mgbe ahụ, maa jijiji nke ọma ma yochaa ya. A hapụrụ nzacha ahụ ka ọ chọpụta.
E tinyere 10 µl nke ihe ngwọta ọkọlọtọ na 10 µl nke filtrate n'ime saponin nke ọma wee gbanye ya n'ime HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Usoro ọkọlọtọ: mkpebi nke ngwọta ọkọlọtọ agwakọtara Rg1, Rb1, R1, ọnọdụ chromatography bụ otu ihe ahụ dị n'elu. Gbakọọ usoro ọkọlọtọ site na mpaghara elu a tụrụ na axis y na ntinye nke saponin na ngwọta ọkọlọtọ na abscissa. Tinye mpaghara elu a tụrụ nke ihe nlele ahụ n'ime usoro ọkọlọtọ iji gbakọọ ntinye saponin.
Tụọ ihe nlele P. notogensings nke 0.1 g wee tinye 50 ml nke 70% CH3OH solution. Sonicate ruo awa abụọ, wee centrifuge na 4000 rpm maka nkeji iri. Were 1 ml nke ihe na-esi n'elu mmiri wee gwakọta ya ugboro iri na abụọ. Ejiri ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) chọpụta ọdịnaya nke flavonoids na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 249 nm. Quercetin bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke ukwuu8.
E ji ngwanrọ Excel 2010 hazie data. E jiri ngwanrọ SPSS Statistics 20 nyochaa mgbanwe data. Foto e sere site na mmalite Pro 9.1. Ọnụọgụgụ agbakọrọ gụnyere nkezi ± nkewa ọkọlọtọ. Nkwupụta nke mkpa ọnụọgụgụ dabere na P<0.05.
N'ihe gbasara ịgbasa foliar site na iji otu mkpokọta oxalic acid, ọdịnaya Ca dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng mụbara nke ukwuu ka etinyere lime na-abawanye (Tebụl 2). Ma e jiri ya tụnyere enweghị itinye lime, ọdịnaya Ca mụbara site na 212% na 3750 kg ppm lime na-enweghị ịgbasa oxalic acid. N'otu ọnụego itinye lime ahụ, ọdịnaya calcium mụbara ntakịrị ka mmụba nke mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbanyere agbawa.
Ọdịnaya nke Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ dị iche site na 0.22 ruo 0.70 mg/kg. N'otu njupụta nke oxalic acid ahụ, ọdịnaya nke 2250 kg hm-2 Cd belatara nke ukwuu ka ọnụego ojiji lime na-abawanye. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa ahụ, mgbe a na-agba mgbọrọgwụ ahụ 2250 kg gm-2 lime na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya Cd belatara site na 68.57%. Mgbe etinyere ya na-enweghị lime na 750 kg hm-2 lime, ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng belatara nke ukwuu ka mmụba nke mkpokọta oxalic acid. Site na ntinye nke 2250 kg nke lime gm-2 na 3750 kg nke lime gm-2, ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ ahụ belatara nke ukwuu wee mụbaa na mmụba nke mkpokọta oxalic acid. Tinyere nke a, nyocha 2D gosiri na lime (F = 82.84**) metụtara ọdịnaya Ca na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng nke ukwuu, lime (F = 74.99**) na oxalic acid metụtara ọdịnaya Cd na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng nke ukwuu. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Site na mmụba nke ọnụego ojiji nke lime na oke nke ịgbasa ya na oxalic acid, ọdịnaya nke MDA belatara nke ukwuu. A hụghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya MDA n'etiti mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng ejiri lime gwọọ na 3750 kg g/m2 lime. Na ọnụego ojiji nke 750 kg hm-2 na 2250 kg hm-2 lime, ọdịnaya MDA na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid mgbe a gbasasịrị ya bụ 58.38% na 40.21% dị ala karịa na oxalic acid nke a na-agbaghị, n'otu n'otu. Ọdịnaya nke MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) bụ nke kacha ala mgbe etinyere 750 kg nke hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 nke oxalic acid (Foto 1).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya malondialdehyde dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Otu ihe ahụ dị n'okpuru.
Ewezuga itinye 3750 kg h m-2 nke lime, ahụghị ihe dị iche dị mkpa na ọrụ SOD nke sistemụ mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng. Mgbe ejiri lime 0, 750 na 2250 kg hm-2, ọrụ SOD mgbe a na-efesa 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid dị elu karịa na enweghị ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid, nke mụbara site na 177.89%, 61.62% na 45 .08% n'otu n'otu. Ọrụ SOD (598.18 units g-1) na mgbọrọgwụ dị elu mgbe a na-agwọ ya na-enweghị lime ma fesa ya na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. N'otu ntinye ahụ na-enweghị oxalic acid ma ọ bụ fesa ya na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọrụ SOD mụbara ka ọnụọgụgụ nke itinye lime na-abawanye. Ọrụ SOD belatara nke ukwuu mgbe a fesachara ya na 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid (Foto 2).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọrụ nke superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, na catalase na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium [J].
Dịka ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ, ọrụ POD na mgbọrọgwụ (63.33 µmol g-1) kachasị elu mgbe a fesara ya na-enweghị lime na 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, nke dị 148.35% karịa njikwa (25.50 µmol g-1). Ọrụ POD buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata ka mmụba nke mgbasa oxalic acid na ọgwụgwọ lime 3750 kg hm −2. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọrụ POD belatara site na 36.31% mgbe ejiri 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid gwọọ ya (Foto 2).
E wezụga ịgbasa 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid na itinye 2250 kg hm-2 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg hm-2 lime, ọrụ CAT dị elu karịa njikwa ahụ. Ọrụ CAT nke ọgwụgwọ 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid na ọgwụgwọ lime 0.2250 kg h m-2 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg h m-2 mụbara site na 276.08%, 276.69% na 33 .05% n'otu n'otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere enweghị ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid. Ọrụ CAT nke mgbọrọgwụ (803.52 µmol g-1) ejiri 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid gwọọ bụ nke kachasị elu. Ọrụ CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) bụ nke kacha ala na ọgwụgwọ 3750 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Foto 2).
Nnyocha Bivariate gosiri na ọrụ Panax notoginseng CAT na MDA nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na oke oxalic acid ma ọ bụ lime spray na ọgwụgwọ abụọ ahụ (Tebụl 3). Ọrụ SOD na mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọgwụgwọ lime na oxalic acid ma ọ bụ mkpokọta spray oxalic acid. Ọrụ POD mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime etinyere ma ọ bụ na itinye lime na oxalic acid n'otu oge.
Ọdịnaya shuga a na-agbaze n'ime ihe ọkụkụ mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka ọnụego ojiji nke lime na oke nke ịgbaze na acid oxalic. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime shuga a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng na-enweghị itinye lime na itinye ya na 750 kg·h·m−2 nke lime. Mgbe a na-etinye lime 2250 kg hm-2, ọdịnaya nke shuga a na-agbaze mgbe ejiri 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid gwọọ ya dị elu karịa mgbe a na-agbaze ya na acid na-abụghị oxalic, nke mụbara site na 22.81%. Mgbe a na-etinye lime n'ime oke 3750 kg·h·m-2, ọdịnaya nke shuga a na-agbaze belatara nke ukwuu ka mmụba nke ntinye nke ịgbaze ya na acid oxalic. Ọdịnaya shuga a na-agbaze nke ọgwụgwọ ịgbaze nke 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid dị ala karịa 38.77% karịa nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid. Tinyere nke ahụ, ọgwụgwọ fesa nke e ji 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid mee nwere shuga kachasị agbaze nke 205.80 mg g-1 (Foto nke 3).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya nke shuga na-agbaze na protein na-agbaze na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium [J].
Ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka ọnụego ojiji nke lime na oxalic acid mụbara. N'enweghị lime, ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze n'ime ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid dị obere karịa nke dị na njikwa, site na 16.20%. Mgbe a na-etinye lime 750 kg hm-2, a hụghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze n'ime mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng. Na ọnụego ojiji lime nke 2250 kg h m-2, ọdịnaya nke protein a na-agbaze n'ime ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa oxalic acid nke 0.2 mol l-1 dị elu nke ukwuu karịa na ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa acid na-abụghị oxalic acid (35.11%). Mgbe etinyere lime na 3750 kg h m-2, ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze belatara nke ukwuu ka mmụba nke mgbasa oxalic acid na-abawanye, ọdịnaya protein a na-agbaze (269.84 µg g-1) dị ala karịa mgbe a na-agwọ ya na 0.2 mol l-1. 1 nke a na-agba site na oxalic acid (Foto nke 3).
A hụghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime ọdịnaya amino acid efu na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng na enweghị lime. Site na mmụba nke ntinye nke oxalic acid na ọnụego ntinye lime nke 750 kg hm-2, ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu belatara na mbụ wee mụbaa. Iji ọgwụgwọ na 2250 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid mụbara ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu site na 33.58% ma e jiri ya tụnyere enweghị ọgwụgwọ na oxalic acid. Site na mmụba na ntinye nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid na ntinye nke 3750 kg·hm-2 nke lime, ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu belatara nke ukwuu. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu na ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid dị 49.76% ala karịa na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu kacha elu mgbe ejiri oxalic acid gwọọ ya ma bụrụ 2.09 mg/g. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu (1.05 mg g-1) dị obere mgbe a fesara ya na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Foto 4).
Mmetụta nke ịgba akwụkwọ na oxalic acid na ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu na proline na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide cadmium [J].
Ọdịnaya nke proline na mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka ọnụego ojiji nke lime na oxalic acid mụbara. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya proline nke Panax notoginseng na enweghị lime. Site na mmụba nke ntinye nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid na lime ọnụego ojiji nke 750, 2250 kg hm-2, ọdịnaya nke proline buru ụzọ belata wee mụbaa. Ọdịnaya nke proline na ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa oxalic acid nke 0.2 mol l-1 dị elu karịa ọdịnaya proline na ọgwụgwọ ịgbasa oxalic acid nke 0.1 mol l-1, nke mụbara site na 19.52% na 44.33%, n'otu n'otu. Mgbe a na-etinye 3750 kg·hm-2 nke lime, ọdịnaya nke proline belatara nke ukwuu ka mmụba nke ntinye nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid mụbara. Ọdịnaya nke proline mgbe a gbasasịrị 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid dị 54.68% ala karịa na-enweghị oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke proline dị obere ma bụrụ 11.37 μg/g mgbe ejiri 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid gwọọ ya (Foto 4).
Ọdịnaya nke saponins niile dị na Panax notoginseng bụ Rg1>Rb1>R1. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya nke saponins atọ ahụ ebe mmụba nke oke mmiri oxalic acid na enweghị lime (Tebụl 4).
Ọdịnaya nke R1 mgbe a na-agba 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid dị obere nke ukwuu karịa na enweghị ịgba oxalic acid na iji lime 750 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg·h·m-2. Site na mkpokọta ịgba oxalic acid nke 0 ma ọ bụ 0.1 mol l-1, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ọdịnaya R1 yana mmụba na ọnụego itinye lime. Na mkpokọta ịgba oxalic acid nke 0.2 mol l-1, ọdịnaya R1 nke 3750 kg hm-2 nke lime dị obere nke ukwuu karịa nke 43.84% na-enweghị lime (Tebụl 4).
Ọdịnaya nke Rg1 buru ụzọ mụbaa ma belata ka mmụba nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid na lime dị elu nke 750 kg·h·m−2. Na ọnụego itinye lime nke 2250 ma ọ bụ 3750 kg h m-2, ọdịnaya Rg1 belatara ka mmụba nke ịgbasa oxalic acid na-abawanye. N'otu ntinye nke oxalic acid, ọdịnaya Rg1 buru ụzọ mụbaa ma belata ka mmụba nke ọnụego itinye lime. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, ewezuga ntinye nke oxalic acid atọ na 750 kg h m-2, ọdịnaya Rg1 dị elu karịa njikwa, ọdịnaya Rg1 dị na mgbọrọgwụ nke ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị ala karịa njikwa. Ọdịnaya Rg1 dị elu mgbe a fesara ya na 750 kg gm-2 lime na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, nke dị 11.54% karịa njikwa (Tebụl 4).
Ọdịnaya nke Rb1 buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata ka mmụba nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid na lime dị elu nke 2250 kg hm-2. Mgbe a gbasasịrị 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya Rb1 ruru oke 3.46%, nke dị elu karịa 74.75% karịa na-agbaghị oxalic acid. Site na ọgwụgwọ lime ndị ọzọ, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oke ịgbasa oxalic acid dị iche iche. Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya na 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya nke Rb1 buru ụzọ belata, wee belata ka a gbasasịrị ya (tebụl 4).
N'otu oke nke oxalic acid a gbanyere n'otu oge ahụ, ọdịnaya flavonoids buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata ka ọnụego ojiji lime na-abawanye. Enweghị lime ma ọ bụ 3750 kg hm-2 lime a gbara na oke oxalic acid dị iche iche nwere nnukwu ọdịiche na ọdịnaya flavonoid. Mgbe etinyere lime na ọnụego 750 na 2250 kg h m-2, ọdịnaya flavonoids buru ụzọ mụbaa wee belata ka mmụba nke oke nke ịgbasa oxalic acid. Mgbe ejiri ọnụego ojiji nke 750 kg hm-2 gwọọ ya ma fesa ya na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ọdịnaya flavonoids kachasị elu ma bụrụ 4.38 mg g-1, nke dị 18.38% karịa lime na otu ọnụego ojiji. na-enweghị ịgbasa oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke flavonoids n'oge a na-agba oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 mụbara site na 21.74% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ịgba oxalic acid na ọgwụgwọ lime na 2250 kg hm-2 (Foto 5).
Mmetụta nke ịgbasa foliar oxalate na ọdịnaya flavonoid dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng n'okpuru nrụgide cadmium [J].
Nnyocha nke Bivariate gosiri na ọdịnaya shuga na-agbaze na Panax notoginseng nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ lime etinyere na mkpokọta oxalic acid a gbasasịrị. Ọdịnaya nke protein na-agbaze na ihe ọkụkụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụego ojiji nke lime, ma lime na oxalic acid. Ọdịnaya nke amino acid efu na proline na mgbọrọgwụ nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọnụego ojiji nke lime, ntinye nke ịgbasa na oxalic acid, lime na oxalic acid (Tebụl 5).
Ọdịnaya nke R1 dị na mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na oke nke ịgbasa oxalic acid, ọnụọgụ nke lime, lime na oxalic acid etinyere. Ọdịnaya flavonoid nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na oke nke oxalic acid a gbanyere na oke lime etinyere.
E jirila ọtụtụ mgbanwe iji belata Cd osisi site n'ime ka Cd ghara ịdị n'ime ala, dịka lime na oxalic acid30. A na-eji lime eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye ala iji belata ọdịnaya cadmium na ihe ubi31. Liang et al. 32 kọrọ na enwere ike iji oxalic acid weghachite ala ndị e merụrụ emerụ site na ígwè dị arọ. Mgbe etinyere ọtụtụ njupụta nke oxalic acid na ala ruru unyi, ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ala mụbara, ikike mgbanwe cation belatara, uru pH mụbara site na 33. Oxalic acid nwekwara ike imeghachi omume na ion ígwè dị n'ime ala. N'okpuru nrụgide Cd, ọdịnaya Cd dị na Panax notoginseng mụbara nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ejiri lime, ọ belatara nke ukwuu. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, mgbe a na-etinye 750 kg hm-2 lime, ọdịnaya Cd dị na mgbọrọgwụ ahụ ruru ọkọlọtọ mba (oke Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), mmetụta ya mgbe a na-etinye 2250 kg hm−2 lime na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na lime. Ntinye lime ahụ mepụtara ọtụtụ ebe asọmpi dị n'etiti Ca2+ na Cd2+ n'ime ala, mgbakwunye nke oxalic acid nwere ike ibelata ọdịnaya Cd na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng. Agbanyeghị, ọdịnaya Cd nke mgbọrọgwụ Panax notoginseng belatara nke ukwuu site na njikọta nke lime na oxalic acid, ruo na ọkọlọtọ mba. A na-etinye Ca2+ n'ime ala n'elu mgbọrọgwụ n'oge oke mmiri, mkpụrụ ndụ mgbọrọgwụ nwekwara ike ibuga ya site na ọwa calcium (Ca2+-channels), ọkpọkọ calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) na ndị na-egbochi Ca2+/H+, wee bufee ya n'usoro na mgbọrọgwụ xylem 23. Ọdịnaya Root Ca nwere njikọ na ọdịnaya Cd (P<0.05). Ọdịnaya Cd belatara ka mmụba dị na ọdịnaya Ca, nke kwekọrọ na echiche gbasara mmegide nke Ca na Cd. Nyocha nke ọdịiche gosiri na ọnụọgụ lime metụtara ọdịnaya Ca nke ukwuu na mgbọrọgwụ nke Panax notoginseng. Pongrac et al. 35 kọrọ na Cd na-ejikọ na oxalate na kristal calcium oxalate ma na-asọmpi na Ca. Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Ca site na oxalate abụghị ihe dị mkpa. Nke a gosiri na mmiri ozuzo nke calcium oxalate nke oxalic acid na Ca2+ mepụtara abụghị mmiri ozuzo dị mfe, usoro mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche nwere ike ijikwa site na ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche.