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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta anụ ahụ na nke na-adịghị mma n'ahụ mmadụ. A na-ejikarị Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) eme ihe dị ka ngwa ọgwụ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke H2S na nnwale bayọlọji. Ọ bụ ezie na mfu nke H2S site na ngwọta NaHS na-ewe naanị nkeji ole na ole, ejirila ngwọta NaHS dị ka ihe ndị na-enye onyinye maka H2S na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ anụmanụ. Ọmụmụ ihe a nyochachara ma ịṅụ mmiri nwere mkpokọta NaHS nke 30 μM nke a kwadebere na karama oke/òké nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo opekata mpe awa 12-24, dịka ụfọdụ ndị edemede tụrụ aro. Kwadebe ngwọta NaHS (30 μM) na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma wụsa ya ozugbo n'ime karama mmiri oke/òké. A nakọtara ihe nlele site na nsọtụ na n'ime karama mmiri na awa 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 na 24 iji tụọ ọdịnaya sulfide site na iji usoro methylene blue. Tinyere nke a, a gbara oke nwoke na nwanyị ọgwụ NaHS (30 μM) ruo izu abụọ, a na-atụkwa oke sulfide dị n'ime serum kwa ụbọchị abụọ n'izu mbụ na njedebe nke izu nke abụọ. Mmiri NaHS dị na ihe nlele ahụ enwetara site na nsọtụ karama mmiri ahụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe; ọ belatara site na 72% na 75% mgbe awa 12 na 24 gasịrị, n'otu n'otu. N'ihe nlele enwetara site n'ime karama mmiri ahụ, mbelata na NaHS adịghị oke mkpa n'ime awa 2; agbanyeghị, ọ belatara site na 47% na 72% mgbe awa 12 na 24 gasịrị, n'otu n'otu. Mmiri NaHS emetụtaghị ọkwa sulfide dị n'ime serum nke oke nwoke na nwanyị. Na mmechi, ekwesighi iji mmiri NaHS nke a kwadebere site na mmiri ọṅụṅụ maka onyinye H2S n'ihi na mmiri ahụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ụzọ nchịkwa a ga-ekpughe anụmanụ na ọnụọgụ NaHS na-adịghị mma ma dị obere karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya.
A na-eji hydrogen sulfide (H2S) eme ihe dị ka nsí kemgbe afọ 1700; agbanyeghị, Abe na Kimura kọwara ọrụ o nwere ike ịrụ dị ka molekul biosignaling endogenous na 1996. N'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga, a kọwapụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ nke H2S na sistemụ mmadụ dị iche iche, nke mere ka a mata na molekul ndị na-enye H2S nwere ike inwe ojiji ahụike n'ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ njikwa nke ụfọdụ ọrịa; lee Chirino et al. maka nyocha ọhụrụ.
A na-eji Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) eme ihe nke ukwuu dị ka ngwa ọgwụ iji chọpụta mmetụta nke H2S n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ na anụmanụ5,6,7,8. Agbanyeghị, NaHS abụghị ezigbo onye na-enye H2S n'ihi na a na-agbanwe ya ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ mmiri H2S/HS-in, a na-emetọ ya ngwa ngwa site na polysulfides, a na-emekwa ka ọ dị mfe oxidize ma gbanwee ya4,9. N'ọtụtụ nnwale gbasara ihe ndị dị ndụ, a na-agbaze NaHS n'ime mmiri, na-ebute mbelata na-enweghị ike na mfu nke H2S10,11,12, oxidation nke H2S11,12,13, na photolysis14. Sulfide dị na mmiri mbụ ahụ na-efunahụ ngwa ngwa n'ihi mbelata nke H2S11. N'ime akpa mepere emepe, ọkara ndụ (t1/2) nke H2S dị ihe dị ka nkeji 5, ntinye ya na-ebelatakwa ihe dị ka 13% kwa nkeji10. Ọ bụ ezie na mfu nke hydrogen sulfide site na mmiri NaHS na-ewe naanị nkeji ole na ole, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ anụmanụ ejirila mmiri NaHS dị ka isi iyi nke hydrogen sulfide na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo izu 1-21, na-anọchi mmiri nwere NaHS kwa awa 12-24.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Omume a adabaghị na ụkpụrụ nke nyocha sayensị, ebe ọ bụ na usoro ọgwụ kwesịrị ịdabere na ojiji ha na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ụmụ mmadụ.27
Nnyocha tupu a mụọ ọgwụ bayọlọji na-achọ ime ka nlekọta ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa ka mma. Agbanyeghị, a ka atụgharịbeghị ihe si na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ anụmanụ pụta nye ụmụ mmadụ28,29,30. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ọdịda ntụgharị a bụ enweghị nlebara anya na ịdị mma nke ọmụmụ anụmanụ30. Ya mere, ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ inyocha ma mmiri 30 μM NaHS nke a kwadebere na karama mmiri oke/òké nwere ike ịnọgide na-adị jụụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo awa 12-24, dịka e kwuru ma ọ bụ tụọ aro na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ.
Emere nnwale niile dị na nnyocha a dịka ntuziaka ebipụtara maka nlekọta na ojiji nke anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha na Iran31 si dị. Akụkọ nnwale niile dị na ọmụmụ ihe a gbasorokwa ntuziaka ARRIVE32. Kọmitii Omume nke Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, kwadoro usoro nnwale niile dị na ọmụmụ ihe a.
A zụtara Zinc acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) na anhydrous ferric chloride (CAS: 7705-08-0) site na Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, France). A zụtara Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) na N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) site na Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). A zụtara Isoflurane site na Piramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA). A zụtara Hydrochloric acid (HCl) site na Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Kwadebe ihe ngwọta nke NaHS (30 μM) n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ wee wụsa ya ozugbo n'ime karama mmiri oke/òké. A họọrọ ntinye a dabere na ọtụtụ mbipụta na-eji NaHS dị ka isi iyi nke H2S; lee ngalaba Mkparịta ụka. NaHS bụ molekul mmiri mmiri nke nwere ike ịnwe oke mmiri mmiri dị iche iche (ya bụ, NaHS•xH2O); dịka onye nrụpụta si kwuo, pasentị nke NaHS ejiri mee ihe na ọmụmụ ihe anyị bụ 70.7% (ya bụ, NaHS•1.3 H2O), anyị wee tụlee uru a na ngụkọ anyị, ebe anyị jiri oke molekul nke 56.06 g/mol, nke bụ oke molekul nke NaHS anhydrous. Mmiri mmiri mmiri (a na-akpọkwa mmiri nke kristal) bụ molekul mmiri nke mejupụtara nhazi kristal33. Hydrates nwere ihe dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ na nke thermodynamic ma e jiri ya tụnyere anhydrates34.
Tupu ịtinye NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ, tụọ pH na okpomọkụ nke ihe mgbaze ahụ. Wụsa mmiri NaHS ozugbo n'ime karama mmiri oke/òké n'ime ụlọ anụmanụ. A nakọtara ihe nlele site na nsọtụ na n'ime karama mmiri ahụ na awa 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, na 24 iji tụọ ọdịnaya sulfide. E mere nha sulfide ozugbo e mechara nnwale ọ bụla. Anyị nwetara ihe nlele site na nsọtụ tube ahụ n'ihi na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ egosila na obere oghere nke tube mmiri nwere ike ibelata ikuku H2S15,19. Okwu a yiri ka ọ metụtara ngwọta dị na karama ahụ. Agbanyeghị, nke a abụghị ikpe maka ngwọta dị n'olu karama mmiri ahụ, nke nwere ọnụego ikuku dị elu ma na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha; n'ezie, anụmanụ ahụ buru ụzọ ṅụọ mmiri a.
E jiri oke Wistar nwoke na nwanyị mee nnyocha ahụ. E tinyere oke ndị ahụ n'ime ụlọ polypropylene (oke 2-3 kwa ụlọ) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ (okpomọkụ 21-26 °C, iru mmiri 32-40%) yana awa 12 nke ìhè (7 nke ụtụtụ ruo 7 nke mgbede) na awa 12 nke ọchịchịrị (7 nke mgbede ruo 7 nke ụtụtụ). Oke ndị ahụ nwere ohere ịnweta mmiri ọkpọkọ ma nye ha nri dị ka chow ọkọlọtọ (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran). Ndị dị afọ (ọnwa 6) bụ ụmụ nwanyị (n=10, ibu ahụ: 190–230 g) na ụmụ nwoke (n=10, ibu ahụ: 320–370 g) E kewara oke Wistar n'ime usoro njikwa na otu ndị a na-agwọ NaHS (30 μM) (n=5 kwa otu). Iji chọpụta nha ihe nlele ahụ, anyị jiri usoro KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid), nke na-ejikọta ahụmịhe gara aga na nyocha ike35. Anyị buru ụzọ mee nnyocha nnwale na oke atọ wee chọpụta nkezi ọkwa sulfide zuru oke na serum na ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ (8.1 ± 0.81 μM). Mgbe ahụ, n'ịtụle ike 80% ma were ọkwa dị mkpa nke akụkụ abụọ nke 5%, anyị kpebiri nha ihe nlele mbụ (n = 5 dabere na akwụkwọ ndị gara aga) nke kwekọrọ na nha mmetụta ọkọlọtọ nke 2.02 yana uru akọwapụtara nke Festing tụrụ aro maka ịgbakọ nha ihe nlele nke anụmanụ nnwale35. Mgbe anyị mụchara uru a site na SD (2.02 × 0.81), nha mmetụta a na-ahụ anya (1.6 μM) bụ 20%, nke a na-anabata. Nke a pụtara na n = 5/otu zuru oke iji chọpụta mgbanwe nkezi 20% n'etiti otu. E kewara oke n'ime njikwa na otu ndị a gwọrọ na NaSH site na iji ọrụ enweghị usoro nke ngwanrọ Excel 36 (Foto mgbakwunye 1). Emere mkpuchi anya na ọkwa nsonaazụ, ndị nyocha na-eme nha biochemical amaghịkwa ọrụ otu ahụ.
E jiri mmiri NaHS 30 μM gwọọ otu NaHS nke nwoke na nwanyị abụọ ahụ site na iji mmiri ọṅụṅụ 30 μM nke e tinyere n'ime ya ruo izu abụọ; a na-enye mmiri ọhụrụ kwa awa iri abụọ na anọ, n'oge a na-atụ nha ahụ. A na-anakọta ihe nlele ọbara site na nsọtụ ọdụ nke oke niile n'okpuru ọgwụ mgbochi isoflurane kwa ụbọchị abụọ na njedebe nke izu mbụ na nke abụọ. A na-etinye ihe nlele ọbara na 3000 g maka nkeji iri, kewapụ serum ma chekwaa ya na -80°C maka nha urea serum, creatinine (Cr), na sulfide zuru oke. E jiri usoro enzymatic urease chọpụta serum urea, a na-ejikwa usoro photometric Jaffe chọpụta serum creatinine site na iji ngwa ahịa dị (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) na ihe nyocha akpaka (Selectra E, nọmba usoro 0-2124, Netherlands). Ọnụọgụ mgbanwe dị n'ime na nke interassay maka urea na Cr erughị 2.5%.
A na-eji usoro methylene blue (MB) atụ sulfide zuru oke na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na serum nwere NaHS; MB bụ usoro a na-ejikarị atụ sulfide na mmiri mmiri na ihe nlele bayọlọji11,37. Enwere ike iji usoro MB mee atụmatụ mkpokọta sulfide pool38 ma tụọ sulfide ndị na-adịghị n'ime ahụ n'ụdị H2S, HS- na S2 na mmiri mmiri39. N'ụzọ a, a na-akpọ sulfur dị ka zinc sulfide (ZnS) n'ihu zinc acetate11,38. Zinc acetate precipitation bụ ụzọ kachasị eji kewaa sulfide na chromophore ndị ọzọ11. E jiri HCl11 gbazee ZnS ọzọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic siri ike. Sulfide ahụ na-emeghachi omume na DMPD na stoichiometric ratio nke 1:2 na mmeghachi omume nke ferric chloride (Fe3+ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka oxidizing) mepụta agba MB, nke a na-achọpụta spectrophotometric na 670 nm40,41. Oke nchọpụta nke usoro MB bụ ihe dịka 1 μM11.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, etinyere 100 μL nke ihe nlele ọ bụla (mgwọta ma ọ bụ serum) na tube; emesịa tinye 200 μL nke zinc acetate (1% w/v na mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta), 100 μL nke DMPD (20 mM na 7.2 M HCl), na 133 μL nke FeCl3 (30 mM na 1.2 M HCl). E tinyere ngwakọta ahụ na 37°C n'ọchịchịrị maka nkeji iri atọ. E tinyere centrifuge na 10,000 g maka nkeji iri, a gụkwara mmịpụta nke ihe na-esi n'elu mmiri na 670 nm site na iji ihe na-agụ microplate (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA). E ji usoro nhazi nke NaHS (0–100 μM) na ddH2O chọpụta njupụta sulfide (Foto mgbakwunye 2). E kwadebere ngwọta niile ejiri maka nha ọhụrụ. Nha mgbanwe dị n'ime na n'etiti nyocha maka nha sulfide bụ 2.8% na 3.4%, n'otu n'otu. Anyị chọpụtakwara mkpokọta sulfide eweghachitere site na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ihe nlele serum nke nwere sodium thiosulfate site na iji usoro ihe nlele siri ike42. Nweghachi maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ihe nlele serum nke nwere sodium thiosulfate bụ 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) na 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6), n'otu n'otu.
E jiri ngwanrọ GraphPad Prism nke ụdị 8.0.2 maka Windows mee nyocha ọnụọgụgụ. E jiri ule t-test abụọ tụnyere okpomọkụ na pH nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ tupu na mgbe etinyere NaHS. A gbakọrọ mfu nke H2S na mmiri nwere NaHS dị ka mbelata pasent site na nnabata mmalite, iji chọpụta ma mfu ahụ ọ dị mkpa na ọnụọgụgụ, anyị mere otu ụzọ ANOVA ugboro ugboro wee soro ule ntụnyere Dunnett. A tụnyere ibu ahụ, urea serum, creatinine serum, na mkpokọta serum sulfide ka oge na-aga n'etiti njikwa na oke ndị NaHS gwọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị dị iche iche site na iji ANOVA agwakọtara (n'etiti-n'ime) wee soro ule Bonferroni mgbe hoc gasịrị. A na-ewere ụkpụrụ P abụọ < 0.05 dị ka ihe dị mkpa na ọnụọgụgụ.
pH nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ 7.60 ± 0.01 tupu etinye NaHS na 7.71 ± 0.03 mgbe etinyere NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Okpomọkụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ 26.5 ± 0.2 ma belata ruo 26.2 ± 0.2 mgbe etinyere NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Kwadebe mmiri NaHS 30 μM na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma chekwaa ya na karama mmiri. Mmiri NaHS anaghị akwụsi ike ma njupụta ya na-ebelata ka oge na-aga. Mgbe a na-anwale ya site n'olu karama mmiri ahụ, a hụrụ nnukwu mbelata (68.0%) n'ime awa mbụ, ọdịnaya NaHS dị na mmiri ahụ belatara site na 72% na 75% mgbe awa 12 na 24 gasịrị, n'otu n'otu. Na ihe nlele e nwetara na karama mmiri, mbelata na NaHS adịghị oke mkpa ruo awa 2, mana mgbe awa 12 na 24 gachara, ọ belatara site na 47% na 72%, n'otu n'otu. Data ndị a na-egosi na pasentị nke NaHS dị na mmiri 30 μM nke a kwadebere na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ebelatala ruo ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke uru mbụ mgbe awa 24 gachara, n'agbanyeghị ebe a na-anwale ihe nlele (Foto 1).
Nkwụsi ike nke mmiri NaHS (30 μM) na mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ime karama oke/òké. Mgbe nkwadebe mmiri gasịrị, e wepụtara ihe nlele site na nsọtụ na ime karama mmiri ahụ. E gosipụtara data dị ka nkezi ± SD (n = 6/otu). * na #, P < 0.05 ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge 0. Foto nke karama mmiri ahụ na-egosi nsọtụ (nwere oghere) na ahụ karama ahụ. Olu nsọtụ ya dị ihe dị ka 740 μL.
Ntinye nke NaHS n'ime mmiri ọgwụ 30 μM e mere ọhụrụ bụ 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (oke: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12). Agbanyeghị, mgbe awa 24 gachara, ntinye nke NaHS belatara ruo na uru dị ala (nkezi: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Dịka egosiri na Foto nke 2, ntinye nke NaHS nke oke ndị ahụ gosipụtara adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.
Ibu ahụ nke oke bekee nwanyị mụbara nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga (site na 205.2 ± 5.2 g ruo 213.8 ± 7.0 g n'ime otu ndị na-achịkwa ya na site na 204.0 ± 8.6 g ruo 211.8 ± 7.5 g n'ime otu ndị NaHS gwọrọ); agbanyeghị, ọgwụgwọ NaHS enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla n'ibu ahụ (Foto 3). Ibu ahụ nke oke bekee nwoke mụbara nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga (site na 338.6 ± 8.3 g ruo 352.4 ± 6.0 g n'ime otu ndị na-achịkwa ya na site na 352.4 ± 5.9 g ruo 363.2 ± 4.3 g n'ime otu ndị NaHS gwọrọ ya); agbanyeghị, ọgwụgwọ NaHS enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla n'ibu ahụ (Foto 3).
Mgbanwe dị n'ibu ahụ n'ime oke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke mgbe e nyere NaHS (30 μM). A na-egosi data dị ka nkezi ± SEM ma jiri nyocha ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụzọ abụọ (n'ime-n'etiti) tụnyere ya na ule Bonferroni post hoc. n = 5 nke nwoke ọ bụla n'ime otu ọ bụla.
Ngụkọta urea na creatine phosphate dị ka nke dị n'ime serum na oke ndị a gwọrọ na NaSH n'oge ọmụmụ ihe a dum. Ọzọkwa, ọgwụgwọ NaSH emetụtaghị ngụkọta urea na creatinechrome n'ime serum (Tebụl 1).
Ngụkọta sulfide dị n'ọbara dị n'okpuru ala dị ka nke dị n'etiti oke ndị a na-achịkwa na oke ndị NaHS gwọrọ (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) na oke ndị NaHS gwọrọ (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM). Ntinye NaHS ruo ụbọchị 14 enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na ọkwa sulfide zuru oke n'ọbara n'ime oke ndị nwoke ma ọ bụ ndị nwanyị (Foto 4).
Mgbanwe na mkpokọta sulfide dị n'ọbara n'ime oke nwoke na nwanyị mgbe e nyesịrị NaHS (30 μM). A na-egosi data dị ka nkezi ± SEM ma jiri nyocha nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụzọ abụọ (n'ime-n'ime) tụnyere ya na ule Bonferroni mgbe hoc gasịrị. Nwoke ọ bụla, n = 5/otu.
Isi ihe dị na nnyocha a bụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nwere NaHS anaghị agbanwe agbanwe: naanị ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpokọta sulfide mbụ ka a ga-achọpụta awa iri abụọ na anọ ka a tụchara ya site na nsọtụ na n'ime karama mmiri oke/òké. Ọzọkwa, oke ndị ahụ nwetara oke NaHS na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi mfu nke H2S na mmiri NaHS, mgbakwunye nke NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ emetụtaghị ibu ahụ, urea serum na creatine chromium, ma ọ bụ sulfide serum zuru oke.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, ọnụego mfu H2S site na 30 μM NaHS ngwọta nke a kwadebere na mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ ihe dị ka 3% kwa elekere. N'ime mmiri a na-echekwa (100 μM sodium sulfide na 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4), a kọrọ na mkpokọta sulfide belatara site na 7% ka oge na-aga n'ime awa 8. Anyị agbachiterela nchịkwa intraperitoneal nke NaHS site na ịkọ na ọnụego mfu sulfide site na mmiri 54 μM NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ ihe dị ka 2.3% kwa elekere (4%/awa n'ime awa 12 mbụ na 1.4%/awa n'ime awa 12 ikpeazụ mgbe nkwadebe gasịrị)8. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga43 chọpụtara mfu H2S mgbe niile site na mmiri NaHS, nke bụ isi n'ihi volatilization na oxidation. Ọbụna na-enweghị mgbakwunye nke afụ, sulfide dị na mmiri ngwaahịa ahụ na-efunahụ ngwa ngwa n'ihi volatilization H2S11. Nnyocha egosila na n'oge usoro ịgbaze mmiri, nke na-ewe ihe dị ka sekọnd 30–60, ihe dị ka 5–10% nke H2S na-efu n'ihi mgbapụta mmiri6. Iji gbochie mgbapụta mmiri nke H2S site na ngwọta ahụ, ndị nchọpụta ewerewo ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere iji nwayọ kpalie ngwọta ahụ12, kpuchie ngwọta ahụ na plastik6, na ibelata ikpughe nke ngwọta ahụ na ikuku, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụego mgbapụta mmiri nke H2S dabere na njikọ ikuku na mmiri mmiri.13 Mgbaze mmiri nke H2S na-eme n'ihi ion ígwè mgbanwe, karịsịa ígwè ferric, nke bụ ihe na-adịghị ọcha na mmiri.13 Mgbaze mmiri nke H2S na-ebute mmepụta nke polysulfides (atọm sulfur nke njikọ covalent jikọtara)11. Iji zere oxidation ya, a na-akwadebe ihe ngwọta nwere H2S na ihe mgbaze deoxygenated44,45 wee jiri argon ma ọ bụ nitrogen sachaa ya ruo nkeji 20-30 iji hụ na e deoxygenation.11,12,37,44,45,46 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) bụ ihe na-eme ka ígwè chelator (10-4 M) gbochie HS- autooxidation na ngwọta aerobic. Ọ bụrụ na DTPA enweghị, ọnụego autooxidation nke HS- dị ihe dị ka 50% n'ime ihe dị ka awa 3 na 25°C37,47. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na ọkụ ultraviolet na-eme ka oxidation nke 1e-sulfide dị ike, a ga-echekwa ihe ngwọta ahụ na ice ma chebe ya pụọ ​​​​na ìhè11.
Dịka egosiri na Foto nke 5, NaHS na-ekewa n'ime Na+ na HS-6 mgbe agbazere na mmiri; a na-ekpebi nkewa a site na pK1 nke mmeghachi omume ahụ, nke dabere na okpomọkụ: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, ebe T dị site na 5 ruo 30°C ma tụọ ya na ogo Kelvin (K), K = °C + 273.1548. HS- nwere pK2 dị elu (pK2 = 19), yabụ na pH < 96.49, S2- anaghị emepụta ma ọ bụ mepụta ya na obere obere. N'ụzọ dị iche, HS- na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ntọala ma na-anabata H+ site na molekul H2O, H2O na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka asịd ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ H2S na OH-.
Mmalite nke gas H2S agbazere agbaze na mmiri NaHS (30 µM). aq, mmiri mmiri; g, gas; l, mmiri mmiri. Ngụkọta niile na-eche na mmiri pH = 7.0 na okpomọkụ mmiri = 20 °C. Ejiri BioRender.com mepụta ya.
N'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe na ngwọta NaHS adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ọtụtụ nnyocha anụmanụ ejirila ngwọta NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ka ihe na-enye onyinye H2S15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 yana oge ntinye aka sitere na izu 1 ruo 21 (Tebụl 2). N'oge ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, a na-emegharị ngwọta NaHS kwa awa 12, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 ma ọ bụ awa 24, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Nsonaazụ anyị gosiri na oke ndị ahụ nwetara ọgwụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi mfu nke H2S site na ngwọta NaHS, ọdịnaya NaHS dị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke oke ndị ahụ gbanwere nke ukwuu n'ime awa 12 ma ọ bụ 24 (lee eserese 2). Abụọ n'ime nnyocha ndị a kọrọ na ọkwa H2S dị na mmiri nọgidere na-adịgide ruo awa 24 ma ọ bụ naanị 2% nke mfu H2S ka a hụrụ n'ime awa 12, mana ha enyeghị data nkwado ma ọ bụ nkọwa nha. Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ egosila na obere dayameta nke karama mmiri nwere ike ibelata mfu H2S site na karama mmiri site na awa 2 kama awa 12–24. Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ a na-ekwu na anyị chere na ọkwa NaHS dị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ agbanweghị n'ihi na anyị ahụghị mgbanwe agba na mmiri; ya mere, oxidation nke H2S site na ikuku adịghị mkpa19,20. Ihe ijuanya bụ na usoro a na-enyocha nkwụsi ike nke NaHS na mmiri kama ịtụ mgbanwe na mfu ya ka oge na-aga.
Mfu nke H2S na mmiri NaHS metụtara pH na okpomọkụ. Dịka ekwuru n'ọmụmụ ihe anyị, ịgbaze NaHS na mmiri na-eme ka e nwee mmiri alkaline50. Mgbe agbazere NaHS na mmiri, mmepụta nke gas H2S agbaze dabere na uru pH6. Ka pH nke mmiri ahụ dị ala, otú ahụ ka oke nke NaHS dị ka molekul gas H2S na-abawanye, a na-efukwa ọtụtụ sulfide na mmiri mmiri11. Ọ dịghị otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a kọrọ pH nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ eji dị ka ihe mgbaze maka NaHS. Dịka ndụmọdụ WHO si dị, nke ọtụtụ mba nabatara, pH nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ kwesịrị ịdị na oke 6.5–8.551. Na oke pH a, ọnụego nke oxidation mberede nke H2S na-abawanye ihe dị ka okpukpu iri13. Ịgbaze NaHS na mmiri na oke pH a ga-eme ka mkpokọta gas H2S gbazee nke 1 ruo 22.5 μM, nke na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ileba anya na pH nke mmiri tupu agbaze NaHS. Tinyere nke ahụ, oke okpomọkụ akọpụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe a dị n'elu (18–26 °C) ga-eme ka mgbanwe dị na mkpokọta gas H2S gbazere agbaze na ihe ngwọta nke ihe dị ka 10%, ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-agbanwe pK1, obere mgbanwe na pK1 nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpokọta gas H2S gbazere agbaze48. Na mgbakwunye, ogologo oge nke ụfọdụ ọmụmụ (ọnwa 5)22, nke a na-atụ anya nnukwu mgbanwe okpomọkụ, na-emekwa ka nsogbu a ka njọ.
Ọmụmụ ihe niile ewezuga otu21 jiri mmiri ọgwụ NaHS 30 μM mee ihe n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Iji kọwaa dose ejiri mee ihe (ya bụ, 30 μM), ụfọdụ ndị edemede kwuru na NaHS n'ime mmiri mmiri na-emepụta otu mkpokọta gas H2S kpọmkwem nakwa na oke physiological nke H2S bụ 10 ruo 100 μM, yabụ dose a dị n'ime oke physiological15,16. Ndị ọzọ kọwara na 30 μM NaHS nwere ike idobe ọkwa H2S plasma n'ime oke physiological, ya bụ, 5–300 μM19,20. Anyị na-atụle mkpokọta NaHS na mmiri nke 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C), nke ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe ụfọdụ iji mụọ mmetụta nke H2S. Anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ na mkpokọta gas H2S agbazere bụ 14.7 μM, nke bụ ihe dị ka 50% nke mkpokọta NaHS mbụ. Uru a yiri uru nke ndị edemede ndị ọzọ gbakọrọ n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ13,48.
N'ọmụmụ ihe anyị, nchịkwa NaHS agbanweghị ibu ahụ; nsonaazụ a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na oke nwoke22,23 na oke nwoke18; Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ ihe abụọ kọrọ na NaSH weghachiri ibu ahụ belatara na oke ndị a na-akpọ nephrectomized24,26, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ akọghị mmetụta nke nchịkwa NaSH na ibu ahụ15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Ọzọkwa, na ọmụmụ ihe anyị, nchịkwa NaSH emetụtaghị ọkwa urea serum na creatine chromium, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke akụkọ ọzọ25.
Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na itinye NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo izu abụọ emetụtaghị mkpokọta sulfide serum n'ime oke nwoke na nwanyị. Nchọpụta a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke Sen et al. (16): ọgwụgwọ izu asatọ na 30 μM NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ emetụtaghị ọkwa sulfide plasma na oke njikwa; agbanyeghị, ha kọrọ na ntinye aka a weghachiri ọkwa H2S belatara na plasma nke oke nephrectomized. Li et al. (22) kọkwara na ọgwụgwọ na 30 μM NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo ọnwa ise mụbara ọkwa sulfide enweghị plasma na oke ndị meworo agadi site na ihe dị ka 26%. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ akọpụtabeghị mgbanwe na sulfide na-agagharị mgbe etinyere NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.
Nnyocha asaa kọrọ site na iji Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 mana enyeghị nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara mmiri mmiri mmiri, ọmụmụ ise ekwughịkwa isi iyi NaHS ejiri mee ihe n'ụzọ nkwadebe ha17,18,24,25,26. NaHS bụ molekul mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri ya nwere ike ịdị iche iche, nke na-emetụta ọnụọgụ NaHS achọrọ iji kwadebe ngwọta nke molarity enyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdịnaya NaHS dị na ọmụmụ anyị bụ NaHS•1.3 H2O. Ya mere, mkpokọta NaHS n'ezie na ọmụmụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị ala karịa nke akọpụtara.
"Kedu ka ngwakọta dị obere oge dị otu a ga-esi nwee mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide?" Pozgay na ndị otu ya 21 jụrụ ajụjụ a mgbe ha na-enyocha mmetụta nke NaHS na colitis na òké. Ha nwere olileanya na ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu ga-enwe ike ịza ajụjụ a ma chee na ngwọta NaHS nwere ike ịnwe polysulfides kwụsiri ike na mgbakwunye na H2S na disulfides ndị na-eme ka mmetụta nke NaHS21 dịgide. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ na obere mkpokọta NaHS fọdụrụ na ngwọta nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta bara uru. N'ezie, Olson na ndị otu ya nyere ihe akaebe na ọkwa micromolar nke H2S n'ọbara abụghị nke anụ ahụ ma kwesịrị ịdị na oke nanomolar ma ọ bụ na-anọghị ya kpamkpam13. H2S nwere ike ime ihe site na protein sulfation, mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbe ntụgharị okwu gasịrị nke na-emetụta ọrụ, nkwụsi ike, na ebe nke ọtụtụ protein52,53,54. N'ezie, n'okpuru ọnọdụ anụ ahụ, ihe dị ka 10% ruo 25% nke ọtụtụ protein imeju ka a na-asacha53. Nnyocha abụọ a kwetara na NaHS19,23 na-ebibi ngwa ngwa mana ọ na-egosi na "anyị chịkwara mkpokọta NaHS na mmiri ọṅụṅụ site n'ịgbanwe ya kwa ụbọchị."23 Otu nnyocha kwuru na mberede na "NaHS bụ onye na-enye H2S nkịtị ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọgwụgwọ iji dochie H2S n'onwe ya."18
Mkparịta ụka dị n'elu na-egosi na NaHS na-efunahụ site na ngwọta site na volatilization, oxidation na photolysis, ya mere a na-atụ aro ụfọdụ iji belata mfu nke H2S site na ngwọta. Nke mbụ, mfu nke H2S dabere na njikọ gas-mmiri mmiri13 na pH nke ngwọta11; ya mere, iji belata mfu nke ikuku, enwere ike ime ka olu nke karama mmiri dị obere dịka akọwara na mbụ15,19, enwere ike ịgbanwe pH nke mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ oke elu a na-anabata (ya bụ, 6.5–8.551) iji belata mfu nke ikuku11. Nke abụọ, mfu nke H2S na-eme n'ihi mmetụta nke oxygen na ọnụnọ nke ion ígwè mgbanwe na mmiri ọṅụṅụ13, yabụ mfu nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na argon ma ọ bụ nitrogen44,45 na iji chelators metal37,47 nwere ike ibelata mfu nke sulfide. Nke atọ, iji gbochie mfu nke H2S, enwere ike iji foil aluminom kechie karama mmiri; Omume a metụtakwara ihe ndị na-eme ka ìhè dị nro dịka streptozotocin55. N'ikpeazụ, enwere ike inye nnu sulfide na-adịghị n'ime ahụ (NaHS, Na2S, na CaS) site na gavage kama ịgbaze na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dịka akọpụtara na mbụ56,57,58; ọmụmụ egosila na sodium sulfide redioaktivu nke a na-enye site na gavage nye oke na-amịkọrọ nke ọma ma kesaa ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ anụ ahụ niile59. Ruo ugbu a, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe enyela nnu sulfide na-adịghị n'ime ahụ; agbanyeghị, a naghị eji ụzọ a eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ahụike60. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ nchịkwa kachasị na nke a na-ahọrọ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ61. Ya mere, anyị na-akwado ịtụle mmetụta nke ndị na-enye H2S na òké site na gavage ọnụ.
Mmachi bụ na anyị tụrụ sulfide n'ime mmiri mmiri na serum site na iji usoro MB. Ụzọ ndị e si atụ sulfide gụnyere titration iodine, spectrophotometry, electrochemical method (potentiometry, amperometry, coulometric method na amperometric method) na chromatography (gas chromatography na liquid chromatography dị elu), nke usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ usoro MB spectrophotometric62. Mmachi nke usoro MB maka ịtụ H2S na ihe nlele bayoloji bụ na ọ na-atụ ihe niile nwere sulfur ma ọ bụghị H2S63 n'efu n'ihi na a na-eme ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, nke na-ebute mwepụta nke sulfur site na isi iyi bayoloji64. Agbanyeghị, dịka American Public Health Association si kwuo, MB bụ usoro ọkọlọtọ maka ịtụ sulfide na mmiri65. Ya mere, mmachi a anaghị emetụta isi ihe anyị na-enweta na enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ihe ngwọta nwere NaHS. Ọzọkwa, na ọmụmụ ihe anyị, mgbake nke nha sulfide na mmiri na ihe nlele serum nwere NaHS bụ 91% na 93%, n'otu n'otu. Ụkpụrụ ndị a kwekọrọ na oke ndị a kọrọ na mbụ (77–92)66, nke na-egosi izi ezi nyocha a na-anabata42. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na anyị jiri oke nwoke na nwanyị dịka ntuziaka National Institutes of Health (NIH) si dị iji zere ịdabere gabiga ókè na ọmụmụ anụmanụ naanị nwoke na ọmụmụ tupu a mụọ ọgwụ67 ma tinye oke nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ọ bụla o kwere mee68. Ndị ọzọ akọwapụtala isi ihe a69,70,71.
Na mmechi, ihe si na nnyocha a pụta na-egosi na enweghị ike iji ihe ngwọta NaHS nke e ji mmiri ọṅụṅụ kwadebe emepụta H2S n'ihi enweghị ntụkwasị obi ha. Ụzọ a e si enye anụmanụ ọgwụ a ga-ekpughere ha na ọkwa NaHS na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ma dị ala karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya; ya mere, ihe ndị a chọpụtara nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ.
A na-enweta data ndị ejiri mee ihe na/ma ọ bụ nyochaa n'oge ọmụmụ ihe a site n'aka onye dere ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ rịọ ya nke ọma.
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